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GCSE > 11 CO-ORDINATION + CONTROL > Flashcards

11 CO-ORDINATION + CONTROL Flashcards

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1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal enviroment

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2
Q

What is needed for a coordinated response

A

Stimulus, receptor, effector

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3
Q

What is in the central nervous system

A

The brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

How is the CNS linked to sense organs

A

Neurones

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5
Q

Types of neurone

A
  • Sensory
  • Relay
  • Motor
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6
Q

How do the 3 types of neurones interlink

A
  • Impulse from receptor pass along sensory neurones until they reach the CNS
  • Impulses pass to relay neurones in the CNS
  • Impulse passed to effectors along motor neurones
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7
Q

Role of myelin sheath

A

Insulates axon and speeds up transmission of impulse

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8
Q

Why are reflexes rapid

A

They do not involve the brain

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9
Q

Describe the process of a reflex arc

A
  • Receptors detect the stimulus
  • Send an electrical impulse along the sensory neurone
  • Sensory neurone passes impulse to spinal cord to a relay neurone
  • By neurotransmitters across the synapse
  • Relay neurone passes the impulse through the spinal cord to a motor neurone
  • Motor neurone causes effector to move away from stimulus
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10
Q

Describe what happens at the synapse

A
  • Electrical impulse travels along axon
  • Triggers neurotransmitters to be released and to diffuse across synapse
  • Bind with receptor molecules on second neurone
  • Stimulates another electrical impulse
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11
Q

Function of cornea

A

Focuses objects on the front of the eye

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12
Q

Function of pupil

A

Circular opening that’s controlled by the iris

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13
Q

Function of iris

A

Controls how much light enters pupil

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14
Q

Function of ciliary muscles

A

Contracts = lens gets thicker, relaxes = lens gets thinner

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15
Q

Function of suspensory ligament

A

Attach to ciliary muscle

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16
Q

Function of lens

A

Focuses light onto retina

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17
Q

Function of retina

A

Contains rods and cones

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18
Q

What happens to iris muscles in dim light

A
  • Radial muscles contract
  • Circular muscles relax
  • Pupil dialtes
19
Q

What happens to iris muscles in bright light

A
  • Circular muscles contract
  • Radial muslces relax
  • Pupil constricts
20
Q

How does the eye focus on a far object

A
  • Ciliary muslces relax
  • Suspensory ligaments pulled tight
  • Lens pullled thin
  • Less refraction of light
21
Q

How does the eye focus on a near object

A
  • Ciliary muslces contract
  • Suspensory ligaments slack
  • Lens thick and convex
  • More refraction of light
22
Q

What releases hormones

A

Glands

23
Q

Hormonal vs Nervous: speed

A

Slow (except adrenaline) vs fast

24
Q

Hormonal vs Nervous: type of message

A

Chemical vs electrical impulse

25
Q

Hormonal vs Nervous: method sent

A

Via blood (dissolved in plasma) vs along neurones

26
Q

Hormonal vs Nervous: response to message

A

Only target organs respond but still sent across body vs send directly to muscle

27
Q

Hormonal vs Nervous: role in body

A

Controls long term processes vs used when a fast response needed

28
Q

Insulin gland

A

Pancreas

29
Q

Adrenaline gland

A

Adrenal glands

30
Q

Testosterone gland

A

testis

31
Q

Oestrogen gland

A

Ovary

32
Q

Progesterone gland

A

Ovary

33
Q

Insulin target organs

A

Liver and muscles

34
Q

When the body is too hot, what changes take place

A
  • Hairs stand on end - trap layer of air providing insulation
  • Less sweat released - less heat loss by evaporation
  • Vasoconstriction - arterioles under skin surface constrict, so less heat loss by radiation
35
Q

When the body is too cold, what changes take place

A
  • Hairs lie flat - insulating layer of air not formed
  • More sweat released - upon evaporation heat energy is taken away from the skin
  • Vasodilation - arterioles under skin surface dilate, so more blood flows by skin, so more heat loss by radiation
36
Q

ADH gland

A

Pituitary gland

37
Q

How does ADH affect the permability of the collecting duct

A
  • ADH diffuses out of blood and binds with receptors on collecting duct
  • More ADH that binds = more premeable to water
  • More water reabsorbed
  • Less urine
  • More concentrated urine
38
Q

How does auxin affect phototrophic responses

A
  • Tip of shoot produces auxin
  • Diffuses down the shoot causing elongation of cells
  • Auxin builds on shaded side
  • Shoot bends towards light
39
Q

How does auxin affect phototrophic responses

A
  • Tip of shoot produces auxin
  • Diffuses down the shoot causing elongation of cells
  • Auxin builds on shaded side
  • Shoot bends towards light
40
Q

What tropism is growth towards a light

A

Positive phototropism

41
Q

What tropism is growth away from a light

A

Negative phototropism

42
Q

What tropism is growth down due to gravity

A

Positive geotropism

43
Q

What tropism is growth against gravity

A

Negative geotropism

44
Q

What tropism is growth against gravity

A

Negative geotropism

GCSE (71 decks)

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