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GCSE > 4.5 ORGANICS I > Flashcards

4.5 ORGANICS I Flashcards

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1
Q

Crude oil is a mix of what

A

Hydrocarbons

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2
Q

Define a hydrocarbon

A

A compound of hydrogen and carbon atoms only

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3
Q

What do each fraction of crude oil have in common

A

They are similar size hydrocarbons with similar boiling points

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4
Q

As the boiling points of fractions of crude oil increase, what trends occur

A
  1. The fractions get darker in colour
  2. The fractions get more viscous
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5
Q

What is the fraction with the lowest boiling point

A

Refinery gases

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6
Q

What is the fraction with the 2nd lowest boiling point

A

Gasoline

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7
Q

What is the fraction with the 3rd lowest boiling point

A

Kerosene

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8
Q

How many fractions of crude oil are there

A

6

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9
Q

What is the fraction with the 3rd highest boiling point

A

Diesel

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10
Q

What is the fraction with the 2nd highest boiling point

A

Fuel oil

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11
Q

What is the fraction with the highest boiling point

A

Bitumen

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12
Q

Why does the molecular mass increase, as the fractions boiling points increase?

A

They have more carbon and hydrogen atoms as the fractions go down the fractionating column

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13
Q

Use of refinery gases

A

Fuel for home cooking

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14
Q

Use of gasoline

A

Fuel for cars

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15
Q

Use of kerosene

A

Fuel for aircraft

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16
Q

Use of diesel

A

Fuel for trains

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17
Q

Use of fuel oil

A

Fuel for ships

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18
Q

Use of bitumen

A

Making roads

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19
Q

Describe the process of fractional distillation

A
  1. Heated crude oil vapours enter the column
  2. Vapours rise until they reach their boiling point, where they condense
  3. Different vapours condense at different heights due to their different boiling points
  4. Similar vapours condense together as a fraction
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20
Q

Define a fraction

A

Mixtures containing hydrocarbons that boil in a particular temperature range

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21
Q

What temperatures does kerosene boil at

A

250-350c

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22
Q

Alkane general formula

A

CnH2n+2

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23
Q

Name the alkanes according to the number of carbon atoms they have

A
  1. Methane
  2. Ethane
  3. Propane
  4. Butane
  5. Pentane
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24
Q

How is a displayed formula shows

A

Shows the position of every atom and bond

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25
Q

How is structural formula shown

A

The structure of molecules in one line

CH3 CH2CH2CH3

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26
Q

What are the functions of a homologous series

A
  1. Similar chemical reactions
  2. Trends in physical properties - (Boiling point)
  3. Same general formula - (Alkenes are CnH2n)
  4. Same functional group - (alkanes are all C-C)
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27
Q

Define an isomer

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

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28
Q

What are butanes 2 isomers

A
  1. Standard chain of carbon atoms with hydrogen off each one
  2. 3 carbon atoms in a chain with an extra off the middle carbon atom and 3 hydrogen atoms off that
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29
Q

What are pentanes 3 isomers

A
  • Standard chain of carbon atoms with hydrogens off each one
  • Chain of 4 carbon atoms with one atom off either of the inner 2 carbon atoms and 3 hydrogens off that one
  • Chain of 3 carbon atoms with 2 carbon atoms off the central carbon atom, and 3 hydrogens off each one
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30
Q

What condition is needed for complete combustion

A

Excess oxygen

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31
Q

General equation for a complete combustion of alkanes

A

Alkane + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water

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32
Q

How do you balance a hydrocarbon combustion equation

A
  • Number of C in the hydrocarbon is the number of C on the opposite side (paired with oxygen)
  • Half the number of H in the hydrocarbon is the number of H2O produced
  • Half the number of O atoms on the products size to find the amount of O2 needed
33
Q

What condition is required for incomplete combustion

A

Not enough oxygen

34
Q

Instead of carbon dioxide, what is produced

A

Carbon monoxide and soot

35
Q

What are the health problems associated with carbon monoxide and soot

A

CO - A toxic gas that lowers oxygen-carrying capacity of blood by binding to the hemoglobin

Soot (C) - Causes lung disease

36
Q

Why is an incomplete combustion of alkanes less useful

A

Releases less energy

37
Q

What 3 pollutant are released into the atmosphere when combusting alkanes, how are they created, and what effect do they have on the atmosphere

A
  1. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - Formed as a direct product of combustion. A greenhouse gas that traps heat in the atmosphere and causes climate change
  2. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) - Family of compounds formed when nitrogen from the air combusts in the hot environment of engines. Dissolve in rainwater to form acid rain which corrodes structures and is harmful to plant and aquatic life
  3. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) - Formed when sulphur impurities in the fuel combust. Dissolve into rainwater to form acid rain
38
Q

How do alkanes react with the halogens

A

By swapping one hydrogen atom for one halogen atom

39
Q

Ethane equation for halogen reaction

A

C2H6 + Br2 → C2H5Br + HBr

40
Q

What condition is needed for an alkane to react with a halogen and why

A

UV light - Provides the energy as the alkane is too unreactive

41
Q

What type of reaction is a halogen-alkane reaction

A

Substitution - One H atom swaps with one Br atom

42
Q

Displayed equation for a ethane-halogen reaction

A
43
Q

What conditions are needed for cracking

A
  • Temperature - 650c
  • Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) Catalyst
44
Q

Could cracking be conducted without a catalyst

A

Yes - Far more energy would have to be provided

45
Q

General equation for cracking

A

Long Alkane → Shorter Alkane + Alkene

46
Q

What must you remember when making a cracking equation

A

It makes an alkane and an alkene, and the number of C and H atoms add up

47
Q

General formula of alkenes

A

CnH2n

48
Q

How many double bonds are in an alkene chain

A

1

49
Q

Name the alkenes is order of number of C atoms

A
  1. Ethene
  2. Propene
  3. Butene
  4. Pentene
50
Q

How is the double bond shown in the structural formula of an alkene

A

CH2=CHCH2CH3

51
Q

Why are alkenes unsaturated

A

They have a C=C double bond

52
Q

Why are alkanes saturated

A

They don’t have a C=C double bond (single only)

53
Q

What is the equation for an alkene reacting with bromine (with ethene as an example)

A

C2H4 + Br2 → C2H4Br2

54
Q

What physically happens in an alkene-bromine reaction

A

The C=C bond breaks and the Br atoms add in where it was

55
Q

What type of reaction is an alkene -bromine reaction

A

Addition - You’re adding the bromine atoms into the alkene

56
Q

Is UV light required for an alkene-bromine reaction

A

No - Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes

57
Q

What type of bromine is needed for an alkene-bromine reaction

A

Bromine Water (or pure bromine liquid)

58
Q

What colour is bromine water

A

Orange

59
Q

How can you tell with bromine water is a mystery hydrocarbon is saturated or unsaturated

A
  1. Mix it with bromine water
  2. If it stays orange, there is no C=C bond, and it is saturated
  3. If it turn colourless, there is a C=C (unsaturated) and the bromine has been added to the alkene
60
Q

When is an addition polymer formed

A

When moleucles with a C=C double bond add into chains

61
Q

What are the small molecules and long chains called in addition polymers

A

Small - Monomers

Long - Polymers

62
Q

Name the fractions of crude oil starting with the lowest boiling point

A
  1. Refinery gases
  2. Gasoline
  3. Kerosene
  4. Diesel
  5. Fuel oil
  6. Bitumen
63
Q

How are repeating units drawn

A

One section of the polymer chain with brackets going through the outer bonds and a small n on the bottom right

64
Q

How are polymers named

A

By putting a ‘poly’ in front of the monomer name (in brackets)

65
Q

Monomer of poly(ethene)

A
66
Q

Repeating unit of poly(ethene)

A
67
Q

Uses of poly(ethene)

A

Drinks bottles and shopping bags

68
Q

Monomer of poly(propene)

A
69
Q

Repeating unit of poly(propene)

A
70
Q

Uses of poly(propene)

A

Storage boxes and climbing ropes

71
Q

Monomer of poly(chloroethene)

A
72
Q

Repeating unit of Poly(chloroethene)

A
73
Q

Uses of poly(chloroethene)

A

Wire insulation and drainpipes

74
Q

Monomer of poly(tetrafluoroethene)

A
75
Q

Repeating unit of poly(tetrafluoroethene)

A
76
Q

Uses of poly(tetrafulroethene)

A

Non-stick coating

77
Q

Addition polymers are inert. What does this mean

A

They are chemically very unreactive

78
Q

What are the 3 disposal options for addition polymers

A
  1. Incinerate - use the energy to generate electricity
  2. Landfill - leave it there to go away
  3. Reuse/recycle - give it to someone who wants it or into the recycling bin
79
Q

Displayed formula for alkene-bromine reaction (ethene)

A

GCSE (71 decks)

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