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GCSE > 12 HARNESSING BIOLOGY > Flashcards

12 HARNESSING BIOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe how to use selective breeding to get animals/plants with the desired characteristics

A
  • Choose individulas with desired feature
  • Let only these individuals reproduce
  • Choose offspring with desired feature
  • Led only these individuals reproduce
  • Repeat for generations
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2
Q

How can polythene tunnels and glasshouses be used to increase the yield of certain crops

§

A
  • Transparent material allows suffecient natural light for photoysnthesis
  • Addigtional lighting gives a ‘longer day’ during winter
  • Greenhouse effect raises temperature of glasshouse
  • Burning fossil fuels or wood raises temperature when external temperature is too low (also produced CO2 and water vapour)
  • Water vapour maintains a moist atmosphere, so reduces water loss by transpiration
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3
Q

What is the aim of polythene tunnels and glasshouses

A

Increase the rate of photosynthesis and increase yield by finding optimum conditions

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4
Q

Advantages to using organic fertiliser

A
  • Greater range of minerals
  • Improves soil structure
  • Less cost to farmer
  • Releases minerals over a longer time
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5
Q

Disadvantages to inorganic fertiliser

A
  • Can lead to eutrophication as it is soluble
  • Requires regular application
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6
Q

Advantages to inorganic fertiliser

A
  • Mineral ions release immediately - fast acting
  • Contents known
  • Easy to apply
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7
Q

Advantages to inorganic fertiliser

A
  • Mineral ions release immediately - fast acting
  • Contents known
  • Easy to apply
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8
Q

Disadvantages to organic fertiliser

A
  • Slow acting - must be decomposed first
  • Bulkier - more difficult to apply
  • May contain pests
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9
Q

Disadvantages to organic fertiliser

A
  • Slow acting - must be decomposed first
  • Bulkier - more difficult to apply
  • May contain pests
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10
Q

How could pesticies damage ecosystems

A

Passed up the food chain, and become concentrated in the top tissues of carnivores

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11
Q

How does biological control work

A
  • Use a predator
  • Never eradicates the pest only reduces to a level where they no longer cuase significant economic damage
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12
Q

Advantages of pesticides

A
  • Reduces pest population instantly
  • Can kill the whole population of pests
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13
Q

Disadvantages of pesticides

A
  • Cost - need regular application
  • Not specific - could kill other organisms
  • Pest can come resistant to chemical
  • Chemical can conocentrate in all organisms higher up the food chain
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14
Q

Disadvantages of pesticides

A
  • Cost - need regular application
  • Not specific - could kill other organisms
  • Pest can come resistant to chemical
  • Chemical can conocentrate in all organisms higher up the food chain
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15
Q

Disadvantages to biological control

A
  • Takes time to reduce pest population
  • Not all population killed
  • Expensive if re-populating is required
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16
Q

Disadvantages to biological control

A
  • Takes time to reduce pest population
  • Not all population killed
  • Expensive if re-populating is required
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17
Q

Advantages to biological control

A
  • Organism only introduced once - will reproduce
  • Only one cost for initial introduction
  • Pest specific
  • Pest will not become resistant
  • No effect on other animals in food chain
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18
Q

Advantages to biological control

A
  • Organism only introduced once - will reproduce
  • Only one cost for initial introduction
  • Pest specific
  • Pest will not become resistant
  • No effect on other animals in food chain
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19
Q

How does increasing temperature in a glasshouse or polythene tunnel increase crop yield

A
  • Enzymes and substrates have more kinetic energy and collide more often
  • Rate of photosynthesis increases
  • Increased crop yield
  • At too high temperatures, the enzymes denature and rate decreases
20
Q

How does increasing carbon dioxide concentration in a glasshouse of polythene tunnel increase crop yield

A
  • There are more reacting molecules to collide with enzymes
  • Increased rate of photosynthesis
  • Increased crop yield
21
Q

What do farmers do when feeding fish to maxamise effeciency of fish farming

A
  • High lipid and protein food - promotes rapid growth
  • Regular feeding wtih small ammounts - so most gets eaten
22
Q

What is the problem with having several species of fish in one pond when fish farming

A
  • Interspecific competition - different species will compete for food and some species may be wiped out
  • Predation - carnivorous species will prey on other fish
23
Q

What is the solution to interspecific competition and predation

A
  • Place different species in different ponds
  • Use nets to separate species and wild populations
  • Place a cover over ponds to stop predation from birds
24
Q

What is the solution to interspecific competition and predation

A
  • Place different species in different ponds
  • Use nets to separate species and wild populations
  • Place a cover over ponds to stop predation from birds
25
Q

What is the problems with having too many individuals of fish in one pond

A
  • Intraspecific competition - Larger individuals will out-compete small individuals for food, or may even prey on them
  • Infectious diseases - Parasites and pathogens will spread quickly if fish are too close together
26
Q

What is the solution to intraspecific competition and infectious disease

A
  • Seperate fish by age and size
  • Remove dead or infected fish quickly
  • Add antibiotics to the water to kill bacteria
27
Q

How do fish farms affect the enviroment

A
  • Fish may escape and out-compete or interbreed with local species, reducing biodiversity and upsetting the local ecoystem
  • Parasites and pathogens can be intrduced into ecosystems
  • Excess feed and waste from fish can cuase eutrophication and reduction of oxygen concentrations in water
28
Q

How can waste be delt with fish farming

A

Vaccuming it out (clearing)

29
Q

How can low O2 levels be delt with in fish farming

A

Bubbling oxygen through the water

30
Q

How can low O2 levels be delt with in fish farming

A

Bubbling oxygen through the water

31
Q

Anaerobic respiration in yeast equation

A

Glucose –> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

32
Q

How does yeast help make bread

A

Bubbles of carbon dioxide gas expand the dough and help it rise

33
Q

How does yeast help make alcoholic drinks like beer

A

Ethanol is made

34
Q

Use of industrial jacket in industrial fermenters

A

Removes heat energy, stopping the fermenter overheating, and enzymes denaturing

35
Q

Use of air filter in industrial fermenter

A

Filters air coming in, maintaining sterile conditions

36
Q

Use of stirrers in industrial fermenter

A

Keep the broth well stirred to oxygenate all parts of the fermenter and stop micro-organisms growing

37
Q

Use of growth medium in industrial fermenter

A

Contans all nescessary glucose and amino acids

38
Q

Use of super-heated steam in industrial fermenters

A

Applied before fermenter’s used to kill unwanted micro-organisms

39
Q

What bacteria is used to make yoghurt

A

Lactobacillus bulgaricus

40
Q

How does lactobacillus bulgaricus make yoghurt

A

It respires anaerobically producing lactic acid that lower the pH of the milk. It coagulates the protein, changing the texture

41
Q

How do fish farms affect the enviroment

A
  • Fish may escape and out-compete or interbreed with local species, reducing biodiversity and upsetting the local ecoystem
  • Parasites and pathogens can be intrduced into ecosystems
  • Excess feed and waste from fish can cuase eutrophication and reduction of oxygen concentrations in water
42
Q

What is the problems with having too many individuals of fish in one pond

A
  • Intraspecific competition - Larger individuals will out-compete small individuals for food, or may even prey on them
  • Infectious diseases - Parasites and pathogens will spread quickly if fish are too close together
43
Q

What is the problem with having several species of fish in one pond when fish farming

A
  • Interspecific competition - different species will compete for food and some species may be wiped out
  • Predation - carnivorous species will prey on other fish
44
Q

Advantages of pesticides

A
  • Reduces pest population instantly
  • Can kill the whole population of pests
45
Q

How could pesticies damage ecosystems

A

Passed up the food chain, and become concentrated in the top tissues of carnivores

46
Q

Advantages to using organic fertiliser

A
  • Greater range of minerals
  • Improves soil structure
  • Less cost to farmer
  • Releases minerals over a longer time
47
Q

How can polythene tunnels and glasshouses be used to increase the yield of certain crops

A
  • Transparent material allows suffecient natural light for photoysnthesis
  • Addigtional lighting gives a ‘longer day’ during winter
  • Greenhouse effect raises temperature of glasshouse
  • Burning fossil fuels or wood raises temperature when external temperature is too low (also produced CO2 and water vapour)
  • Water vapour maintains a moist atmosphere, so reduces water loss by transpiration

GCSE (71 decks)

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