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GCSE > 1 CELLS, BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES, ENZYMES + KINGDOMS > Flashcards

1 CELLS, BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES, ENZYMES + KINGDOMS Flashcards

1
Q

Role of nucleus

A

Controls activity of cell by making proteins, and contains chromosomes

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2
Q

Role of cell membrane

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell (selectively permeable)

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3
Q

Role of cytoplasm

A

Chemical reactions occur

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4
Q

Role of mitochondria

A

Carried out aerobic respiration

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5
Q

Role of ribosomes

A

Synthesise proteins from amino acids

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6
Q

Role of chloroplasts

A

Carry out photosynthesis

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7
Q

Role of cell wall

A

Keeps cells fixed in shape (made of cellulose)

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8
Q

Role of vacuole

A

Watery sap that stores dissolved sugars, mineral ions and other substances

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9
Q

What organelles are in a plant cell

A

Cytoplasm, chloroplast, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, cell wall, cell membrane, vacuole

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10
Q

What organelles are in an animal cell

A

Cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm, nucleus

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11
Q

Chemical composition of carbohydrates

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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12
Q

Storage carbohydrate in plants

A

Starch

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13
Q

Storage carbohydrate in animals and fungi

A

Glycogen

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14
Q

Why are starch and glycogen better storage molecules than simple sugars

A

Less soluble, so have less effect on water movement in and out of the cells

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15
Q

Chemical composition of lipids

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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16
Q

Structure of a fat cell

A

Glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acids

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17
Q

Structure of a carbohydrate

A

Lots of simple sugars like glucose

18
Q

Chemical composition of proteins

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

19
Q

Structure of a protein

A

A variation of 20 amino-acids in any order

20
Q

Describe the test for reducing sugars (glucose)

A
  • Add benedict’s solution to a samle of food in solution
  • Place in water bath at 80c for 5mins
  • Blue to brick red
  • Green, yellow and orange are positive, but in low concentration
21
Q

Test for starch

A
  • Add few drops of orange iodine solution to a sample on a spotting tile
  • A blue-black colour indicates starch
22
Q

Test for protein

A
  • Add water to sample to form solution
  • Add equal volume of potassium hydroxide and shake
  • Add two drops of 1% copper sulfate solution
  • A pale purple colour will develop
23
Q

Test for lipids

A
  • Add small volume of absolute ethanol and shake
  • Add equal volume water
  • A cloudy white colour will form
24
Q

Define a catalyst

A

A chemical that increases the rate of reaction, without being used up in the reaction itself

25
Q

Describe how an enzyme works

A
  • Substate and enzyme collide
  • Substrate binds to active site of enzyme
  • The reaction occuring means the products no longer fit the active sites shape and so are released
  • The enzyme is free to catalyse the next reaction
26
Q

How does an increase in temperature affect the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction

A
  • As temperature increases, the rate increases until an optimum temperature has been reached
  • Gives enzymes and substrates more kinetic energy
  • Move faster and collide more often
  • Too hot, and enzyme denatures, and active site changes shape
  • Substate cannot bind to active site and reason cannot occur
27
Q

How does too high/low pH affect the rate of an ezyme controlled reaction

A
  • pH change changes shape of enzyme
  • Become permenantly denaturesd
  • Active site changes shape, so substrate is no longer complementary to the substrate and reaction cannot occur
28
Q

What characteristics do all living organisms share

A
  • Move
  • Respire
  • Respond to surroundings
  • Homeostatis
  • Grow
  • Reproduce
  • Excrete
  • Nutrition
29
Q

Cell wall of plant

30
Q

Carbohydrate storage of a plant cell

31
Q

Carbohydrate storage of an animal cell

32
Q

Organisation of a fungi

A

Thread like hyphae make up a mycelium

33
Q

Cell wall of fungi

34
Q

How do fungi feed

A

Saprotrophic nutrition

35
Q

Carbohydrate storage of fungi

36
Q

Pathogenic protoctista

A

Plasmodium

37
Q

What kingdoms can be pathogens

A

Fungi, bacteria, protoctista or virus

38
Q

Describe the levels of organisation in organisms

A
  • Organelles
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ systems
39
Q

Name a pathogenic protoctist and what disease it causes

A

Plasmodium causes malaria

40
Q

Describe how an enzyme works

A
  • Substate and enzyme collide
  • Substrate binds to active site of enzyme
  • The reaction occuring means the products no longer fit the active sites shape and so are released
  • The enzyme is free to catalyse the next reaction

GCSE (71 decks)

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