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GCSE > 2 RESPIRATION, LUNGS + DIFFUSION > Flashcards

2 RESPIRATION, LUNGS + DIFFUSION Flashcards

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1
Q

Define diffusion

A

The random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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2
Q

How does an increased temperature affect diffusion

A

Molecules have more kinetic energy so move faster - diffusion occurs faster

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3
Q

How does increasing concentration gradient affect diffusion

A

Large concentration gradient will make particles move from high to low quicker

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4
Q

How does increasing the surface area and surface area : volume ration affect diffusion

A
  • Larger SA increases diffusion as particles can move over a larger area
  • Small structures have large SA:V ratios, so diffusion occurs quicker
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5
Q

Function of the trachea

A
  • Allows air into lungs
  • Surrounded by C-shaped rings of cartilage to keep trachea open under pressure, and allow swallowing easier
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6
Q

Function of the bronchi

A

2 tubes that lead air to the lungs, that are also surrounded by cartilage rings

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7
Q

Function of the bronchi

A

2 tubes that lead air to the lungs, that are also surrounded by cartilage rings

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8
Q

Function of bronchioles

A

Branch of bronchi that carry air deep into the thorax

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9
Q

Function of alveoli

A

At the end of bronchiels. Carry out gas exchange

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10
Q

Function of pleural membrane

A
  • Forms a layer between lungs and thorax walls
  • Prevent lungs sticking to the thorax wall when they inflate and deflate
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11
Q

Function of ribs

A

Protect the organs in thorax

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12
Q

Function of intercoastal muscles

A

Connect ribs and control ventilation

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13
Q

Function of intercoastal muscles

A

Connect ribs and control ventilation

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14
Q

Function of diaphragm

A

Controls ventilation

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15
Q

Function of diaphragm

A

Controls ventilation

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16
Q

Describe what happens upon inhalation

A
  • Diaphragm contracts, moving down and flattening
  • Intercostal muscles contract, moving rib cage up and out
  • Volume of thorax to increase, and pressure to fall
  • Air pressure is less than atmospheric, so air moves in
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17
Q

Describe what happens upon exhalation

A
  • Diaphragm relaxes, moving up and doming
  • Intercostal muscles relax, moving rib cage down and in
  • Volume of thorax to decrease and air pressure to rise
  • Air pressure is more than atmospheric pressure, so air moves out lungs
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18
Q

How is Co2 carried around the body

A

Dissolved in plasma of blood

19
Q

How are capillaries large surface area efficent for gas exchange

A

Large surface area, which increases rate of diffusion of oxygen in, and carbon dioxide out

20
Q

How does each alveolus being currounded by a network of capillareis make it effecient for gas exchange

A
  • Constantly carrry deoxygenated blood to alveolus and oxygenated blood away
  • Maintains high concentration gradient and speeds up diffusion
21
Q

How do the alveoli only being one cell thick, being right next to capillary walls (and them being only one cell thick), increase gas exhange

A
  • Gases only need to move a very small distance, speeding up diffusion
22
Q

High Co2 levels in hydrocarbonate indicator

A

Yellow

23
Q

High Co2 levels in hydrocarbonate indicator

A

Yellow

24
Q

Atmospheric Co2 levels in hydrocarbonate indicator

A

Red

25
Q

Low Co2 levels in hydrocarbonate indicator

A

Purple

26
Q

Why does breating rate increase during exercise

A
  • Co2 is excreted more rapidly
  • Oxygen can diffuse into blood at higher rate
  • Heart rate increases, and supplies more oxygen to muscles for aerobic respiration
  • Extra oxygen is supplied to oxidise lactic acid produced by muslces respiring anaerobically
27
Q

Why is nicotine harmful

A

Highly addictive in tobacco

28
Q

What biological effect do carcinogens in tobacco smoke have

A

Alter DNA and increase the risk of cancer

29
Q

What biological effect do carcinogens in tobacco smoke have

A

Alter DNA and increase the risk of cancer

30
Q

What are the biological effects of carbon monoxide when smoking

A
  • Irreversibly binds to haemoglobin forming carboxyhaemoglobin
  • Reduced amount of oxygen transported in blood
31
Q

What are the biological effects of carbon monoxide when smoking (in pregnancy)

A

Baby gets less oxygen, and will weigh less at birth

32
Q

What is the biological effect of smoking on cilia

A
  • Goblet cells (on lining of trachea and bronchi) produce mucas trapping dust and pathogens, which is then moved by cilia up the airway
  • Chemicals in tobacco smoke destroy cilia reducing there number and mucas production increases
  • Mucas cannot be moved away so builds up
  • Causes smokers cough, infection and bronchitis
33
Q

How does smoking effect the alveoli

A

The walls break down and fuse together forming larger irregualr air spaces - decreases SA so less gas exchange (enphysema)

34
Q

How does smoking increase the risk of CHD

A

Increases blood pressure, and risk of fatty deposits forming

35
Q

How is energy released from respiration

A

As ATP

36
Q

Aerobic respiration word equation

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + Water

37
Q

Aerobic respiration word equation

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + Water

38
Q

Difference in respiration - glucose

A

Aerobic fully oxidises it, therfore releasing lots of ATP, whereas anaerobic it doesn’t so less ATP is released

39
Q

Animal anaerobic respiration equation

A

Glucose –> Lactic Acid

40
Q

Plant and fungi anaerobic respiration equation

A

Glucose –> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

41
Q

When does anaerobic respiration occur

A

Conditions of no oxygen

42
Q

Where is lactic acid oxidised

A

Liver

43
Q

How do the alveoli only being one cell thick, being right next to capillary walls (and them being only one cell thick), increase gas exhange

A
  • Gases only need to move a very small distance, speeding up diffusion
44
Q

Describe what happens upon inhalation

A
  • Diaphragm contracts, moving down and flattening
  • Intercostal muscles contract, moving rib cage up and out
  • Volume of thorax to increase, and pressure to fall
  • Air pressure is less than atmospheric, so air moves in

GCSE (71 decks)

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