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Biology > Chp 34 part 2 > Flashcards

Chp 34 part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does amphibian mean?

A

Means “both ways of life,” referring to the metamorphosis of an aquatic larva into a terrestrial adult

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2
Q

What are tadpoles?

A

Herbivores that lack legs, but legs, lungs, external eardrums, and adaptations for carnivory may all arise during metamorphosis

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3
Q

Fertilization for amphibians

A
  • Fertilization is external and require a moist environment
  • In some species, male or females care for the eggs on their back, in their mouth, or in their stomach
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4
Q

What are the causes of amphibian decline?

A
  • disease causing chytrid fungus
  • habitat loss
    -climate change
  • pollution
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5
Q

What are amniotes ?

A

Group of tetrapods who living members are reptiles, including birds, and mammals that have a terrestrially adapted egg

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6
Q

What is the amniotic egg?

A

A derived characteristic of amniotes in which the egg contains membranes that protect the embryo

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7
Q

What are the extraembryonic membranes in the amniotic egg? (4)

A
  • Amnion
  • Chorion
  • Yolk Sac
  • Allantois
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8
Q

What are other terrestrial adaptions of amniotes?

A
  • Relatively impermeable skin
  • Ability to use the rib cage to ventilate the lungs
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9
Q

What consists of the reptile clade? (7)

A
  • Tuataras
  • Lizards
  • Snakes
  • Turtles
  • Crocodilians
  • Birds
  • Some extinct groups
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10
Q

What are most reptiles?

A

Ectothermic: Absorbing external heat as the main source of body heat

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11
Q

What are birds?

A

Endothermic: Capable of maintaining body temperature through metabolism

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12
Q

How do ectotherms regulate their body temp?

A

Thru behavioral adaptations

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13
Q

What are the first major group of reptiles?

A

Parareptiles: Large, stocky quadrupedal herbivores

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14
Q

What were the next group after parareptiles? What are the 2 main lineages of this group?

A

Next up were the diapsids.

2 lineages: Lepidosaurs and Archosaurs

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15
Q

What do lepidosaurs include?

A
  • Tautaras
  • Lizards
  • Snakes
  • Extinct Mososaurds
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16
Q

What do archosaurs consist of?

A
  • Crocodilians
  • Pterosaurs
  • Dinosaurs
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17
Q

What were the first tetrapods to exhibit flight?

A

Pterosaurs

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18
Q

What does Pterosaurs include?

A

Includes bipedal carnivores called Theropods: group from which birds descended

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19
Q

What are characteristics of turtles?

A
  • Boxlike shell made up of upper and lower shields
  • Shell is fused to vertebrae, clavicle, and ribs
  • Some adapted to land while others adapted to aquatic environments
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20
Q

What are the surviving lineage of Lepidosaurs?

A

Tuataras
Squamates
Lizards
Snakes

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21
Q

What are characteristics of snakes? (6)

A
  • Has chemical sensors
  • Heat detecting organs
  • Venom
  • Loosely articulated jawbones and elastic skin
  • Carnivorous
  • Legless lepidosaurs
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22
Q

Where are living crocodilians restricted to?

A

Restricted to warm regions

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23
Q

What are derived characteristics of birds? 6

A
  • Had adaptations that facilitate flight
  • Wings with keratin feathers
  • Lack of urinary bladder
  • Females with only one ovary
  • Small gonads
  • Loss of teeth
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24
Q

What is the oldest bird known?

A

Archaeopteryx

25
Q

What clade does living birds belong to?

A

Neornithes

26
Q

What group of birds are flightless? (3)

A
  • Ratites (order Struthioniformes)
  • Penguins (order Sphenisciformes)
  • Certain species of rails, ducks, and pigeons
27
Q

How can be bird species be distinguished? (6)

A
  • Profile
  • Color
  • Flying style
  • Behavior
  • Beak shape
  • Foot structure
28
Q

What are mammals?

A

Amniotes that have hair and produce milk

29
Q

What are the derived characteristics of mammals? (5)

A
  • Mammary glands, which produce milk
  • Hair
  • A high metabolic rate, due to endothermy
  • A larger brain than other vertebrates of equivalent size

-Differentiated teeth

30
Q

What are synapsids?

A

Two bones that formerly made up the jaw joint were incorporated into the mammalian middle ear

31
Q

In the early Cretaceous period, what 3 living lineages of mammals emerge?

A
  • monotremes
  • marsupials
  • eutherians
32
Q

What are monotremes?

A
  • small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus
33
Q

What are marsupials? (3)

A
  • opossums
    kangaroos
    koalas
34
Q

Where does the marsupial embryo develop?

A

Develop within a placenta in the mother’s uterus.

35
Q

What is a marsupium?

A

Maternal pouch of marsupials

36
Q

What are eutherians?

A

Placental mammals that complete their embryonic development within a uterus that’s connected to the placenta

37
Q

What does the mammalian order Primates include? (4)

A
  • Lemurs
  • Tarsiers
  • Monkeys
  • Apes –> Humans are apart of this
38
Q

What are derived characteristics of primates? (6)

A
  • Hands and feet adapted for grasping
  • Flat nails
  • large brain and short jaws
  • Fully opposable thumb (monkeys and apes)
  • Complex social behavior/parental care
  • Forward looking eye close together for depth preception
39
Q

What are the 3 main groups of living primates?

A
  • lemurs, lorises, and bush babies
  • Tarsiers
  • Anthropoids –> Monkeys and apes
40
Q

Are tarsiers more closely related to anthropoids or to lemurs?

A

Closely related to anthropoids

41
Q

Which came first monkeys or apes?

A

Monkeys

42
Q

What does the apes group consist of? (6)

A
  • Gibbons
  • Orangutans
  • Gorillas
  • Chimpanzees
  • Bonobos
  • Humans
43
Q

What are humans?

A

Mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion

44
Q

What are derived characteristics of humans?

A
  • Upright posture and bipedal locomotion
  • Larger brains capable of language, symbolic thought, artistic expression, the manufacture and use of complex tools
  • Reduced jawbones and jaw muscles
  • Shorter digestive tract
45
Q

How closely related are human and chimpanzee genomes?

A

99% closely related

46
Q

What is paleonthropology?

A

Study of human origins

47
Q

Are hominins (formerly known as hominids) more closely related to humans or chimpanzees?

A

Humans

48
Q

What does early hominins show evidence of?

A
  • small brains
  • increasing bipedalism
49
Q

What is one misconception of hominins? What is the correct fact?

A

Misconception: Early hominins were chimpanzees

Correction: Hominins and chimpanzees share a common ancestor

50
Q

What is the second misconception of hominins? What is the correct fact?

A

Misconception: Human evolution is like a ladder leading directly to Homo sapiens

Correction: Hominin evolution included many branches or coexisting species, though only humans survive today

51
Q

What are australopiths?

A

Paraphyletic assemblage of hominins

  • some walked fully erect
52
Q

Difference b/w Robust and Gracile Australopiths

A

Robust: Had sturdy skills and powerful jaws

Gracile: More slender and had lighter jaws

53
Q

What does fossil evidence indicate about too use?

A

May have originated before the evolution of large brains

54
Q

What are the Homo groups?

A

Homo habilis - Handy man

Homo ergaster -> First fully bipedal, large-brained hominid; decrease in sexual dimorphism (more difference b/w sexes)

Home erectus -> First hominin to leave Africa

Homo neanderthalensis

Homo sapiens

55
Q

What are Neanderthals?

A

Ancestors of humans that were thick-boned with a large brain

  • Buried their dead
  • Made hunting tools
56
Q

What are homo sapiens?

A

African ancestors of humans

all living humans are descended from here

57
Q

What is the new found small hominin?

A

Homo floresiensis

58
Q

Homo sapiens were the first group to show what?

A

Show evidence of symbolic and sophisticated thought

Biology (34 decks)

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