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Biology > Chapter 42 Circulation and Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Chapter 42 Circulation and Gas Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

How do small molecules move between cells and their environment?

A

Via diffusion (doesn’t need energy)

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2
Q

Why is diffusion only efficient over small distances?

A

B/c the time it takes for diffusion to occur is proportional to the square of the distance

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3
Q

What does the gastrovascular cavity function in?

A

Functions in both digestion and distribution of substances throughout the body

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4
Q

Differences b//w exchange systems of small/thin animals and other animals

A

Small/thin animals: Able to easily exchange materials with the environment

Other animals: Exchange materials with environment via fluid-filled circulatory system

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5
Q

What kind of cavity does flatworms have?

A

They have a gastrovascular cavity; flat body minimizes diffusion distances

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6
Q

What are the 3 things found in a circulatory system?

A
  • circulatory fluid
  • set of interconnecting vessels
  • muscular pump (heart)
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7
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system? (3)

A
  • connects fluid that surrounds cells with organs that exchange gases
  • absorb nutrients
  • dispose of wastes
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8
Q

What happens during a closed circulatory system?

A

Blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid

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9
Q

What happens during open circulatory system?

A

Circulatory fluid (hemolymph) bathes organs directly

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10
Q

What species have open circulatory system?

A
  • arthropods and some molluscs
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11
Q

What species have a closed circulatory system?

A
  • Annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates
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12
Q

What is the cardiovascular system?

A

Closed circulatory system found in humans and other vertebrates

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A
  • capillaries
  • arteries
  • veins
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14
Q

What are arteries?

A

Blood vessels that takes blood away from the heart

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15
Q

What direction does blood move in blood vessels?

A

Blood flow is one direction

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16
Q

What are veins?

A

Blood vessels that take blood toward the heart

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17
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Smallest blood vessels where the exchange of materials and gas occurs

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18
Q

Explain connection b/w arteries, aterioles, and capillaries

A

Arteries branch into arterioles and carry blood away from the heart to capillaries

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19
Q

What are the smallest arteries?

A

Arterioles

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20
Q

Capillaries are b/w what 2 blood vessels?

A

Arterioles and venules

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21
Q

What are the smallest veins?

A

Venules

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22
Q

What are capillary beds?

A

Network of capillaries that are the sites of chemical exchange b/w blood and interstitial fluid

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23
Q

What do venules do?

A

converge into veins and return blood from capillaries to the heart

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24
Q

How does blood enter and exit?

A

Enters via the atrium; exits via the ventricle

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25
Q

How are arteries and veins distinguished?

A

By the direction of blood flow

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26
Q

What do vertebrate hearts contain?

A

2 or more chambers

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27
Q

What happens during single circulation? What species can we see this?

A

Blood leaves the heart and passes thru two capillary beds before returning

Bony skeleton fishes (examples)

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28
Q

What is double circulation? What species can this be found?

A

Oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart

Amphibians, reptiles, and mammals (example)

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29
Q

Right side of heart is what kind of oxygen? Left side of heart is what kind of oxygen? (Double circulation)

A

Right side: Oxygen poor blood

Left side: Oxygen rich blood

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30
Q

What is significant pulmonary arteries?

A

Pulmonary arteries contain oxygen poor blood (goes to lungs) while the rest of the arteries contain oxygen rich blood

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31
Q

What are the chambers called?

A

Atrium and ventricles

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32
Q

Difference b/w atrium and ventricles?

A

Atrium: Receiving chamber (upper chamber)

Ventricles: Pumping chamber (lower chamber)

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33
Q

Difference b/w right and left side of heart

A

The left side of the heart pumps and receives only oxygen-rich blood, while the right side receives and pumps only oxygen-poor blood

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34
Q

Explain the heart layout of turtles, snakes, and lizards

A

have a three-chambered heart: two atria and one ventricle, partially divided by an incomplete septum

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35
Q

How many pulmonary veins do we have?

A

4 (two from each lung)

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36
Q

Where do the pulmonary veins open to?

A

Open to the left atrium

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37
Q

Explain the steps of the cardiovascular system

A
  1. Blood comes from below and above diaphragm via the superior and inferior vena cava to the right atrium. Blood is deoxygenated.
  2. Blood travels to right ventricle from right atrium via the tricuspid valve.
  3. Blood leaves the right ventricle to the capillaries of lungs via the pulmonary arteries. Blood is still deoxygenated.
  4. Blood is now oxygenated and leaves lungs via pulmonary veins, 4 veins in total. Goes to the left atrium.
  5. Blood goes to the left ventricle from left atrium.
  6. Blood is then pumped throughout body from left ventricle via the aorta.
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38
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction or pumping phase

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39
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation or filling phase

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40
Q

What is cardiac cycle?

A

Heart contracts and relaxes in rhythmic cycle

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41
Q

Normal systolic/diastolic

A

120/80

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42
Q

What is heart rate (pulse)?

A

Number of beats per minute

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43
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood pumped in a single contraction/pump

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44
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute and depends on both the heart rate and stroke volume

45
Q

What are atrioventricular valves?

A

Valves that separate each trium and ventricle

46
Q

What are semilunar valves?

A

Valves that control blood flow to the aorta and pulmonary artery

47
Q

What is the “lub-dup” sound of a heartbeat caused by?

A

caused by the recoil of blood against the AV valves (lub) then against the semilunar (dup) valves

48
Q

What causes a heart murmur?

A

Backflow of blood through a defective valve

49
Q

What is sinoatrial (SA) node?

A

Also known as pacemaker, which sets the rate and timing at which cardiac muscle cells contract

50
Q

What is the electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)?

A

Recording of electrical impulses that travel during the cardiac cycle

51
Q

Explain the steps of the heartbeat in an ECG

A
  1. Signals from the SA node spread throughout atria
  2. Signals are delayed at the AV node
  3. Bundle branches pass signals to the heart apex
  4. Signals are spread throughout ventricles via Purkinje fibers
52
Q

Difference b/w parasympathetic and sympathetic in terms of pacemaker

A

Parasympathetic: Decreases pacemaker

Sympathetic: Increases pacemaker

53
Q

What is endothelium?

A

Epithelial layer that lines blood vessels

54
Q

What are vessel’s cavity called?

A

Central lumen

55
Q

What is parasympathetic? What is sympathetic?

A

Parasympathetic: Rest and digest

Sympathetic: Flight or fight

56
Q

Describe characteristics of capillaries (2)

A
  • thin walls that facilitate the exchange of materials
  • The thin walls are made up of endothelium and basal lamina
57
Q

Describe characteristics of arteries and veins

A
  • Have endothelium, smooth muscle and connective tissue
58
Q

Why do arteries have thicker walls than veins?

A

To accommodate the high pressure of blood pumped from the heart

59
Q

Describe blood flow in blood vessels

A

Blood goes from the artery to the arteriole and then to the capillary. From the capillary it goes to the venule and then to the vein.

60
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole; it is the highest pressure in the arteries

61
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

the pressure in the arteries during diastole; it is lower than systolic pressure

62
Q

What is pulse?

A

Rhythmic bulging of artery walls with each heartbeat

63
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

contraction of smooth muscle in arteriole walls; it increases blood pressure

64
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

is the relaxation of smooth muscles in the arterioles; it causes blood pressure to fall

65
Q

Difference b/w when sphincters are relaxed vs contacted

A
  1. When relaxed, blood travels throughout the capillary bed.
  2. When contracted, blood travels one way directly to the venule from arteriole.
66
Q

What is the difference b/w blood pressure and osmotic pressure?

A

Blood pressure pushes water out of the capillaries at the arteriole end

Osmotic pressure pulls water in capillaries at the venule end

67
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

System that returns fluid that leaks out from the capillary beds?

68
Q

What is fluid lost by capillaries called?

A

Lymph

69
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Organs that filter lymph and play an important role in the body’s defense

70
Q

What is plasma?

A

A liquid matrix that has several kinds of cells suspended

71
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A

45% are cellular elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets)
55% is plasma

72
Q

What are the 5 types of leukocytes?

A
  • basophils
  • neutrophils
  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes
  • eosinophils
73
Q

How many molecules of oxygen does each molecule of hemoblobin carry?

A

up to 4 molecules of oxygen

74
Q

What does particular plasma proteins function in? (3)

A
  • lipid transport
  • immunity
  • blood clotting
75
Q

What are platelets?

A

Fragments of cells that are involved in clotting

76
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

77
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

Iron-containing protein that transports oxygen in red blood cells

78
Q

What is sickle-cell disease causes by?

A

Caused by an abnormal hemoglobin proteins that form aggregates which deforms red blood cells into a sickle shape

79
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

80
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells in red bone marrow that develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

81
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

A hormone that stimulate erythrocyte production when oxygen delivery is low.

82
Q

How does blood clot happen?

A

Complex reactions converts inactive fibrinogen to fibrin

83
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

Blood clot formed within a blood vessel

84
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

A type of cardiovascular disease that’s caused by the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) within arteries

85
Q

Difference b/w low density lipoprotein vs high density lipoprotein

A

LDL delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production vs. HDL scavenges excess cholesterol for return to liver

86
Q

What is a heart attack?

A

the damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries

87
Q

What is a stroke?

A

death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockageof arteries in the head

88
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure that also contributes to heart attacks and stroke, as well as other health problem

89
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

Supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and dispose of carbon dioxide

90
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

91
Q

What does ventilation do?

A

moves the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface

92
Q

What is countercurrent exchange system?

A

where blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over the gills –> occurs in fish

93
Q

What is the tracheal system?

A

Breathing system of insects

94
Q

What are lungs?

A

Infoldings of the body surface

95
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

In the alveoli only

96
Q

What is the direction that air flows to?

A

From the pharynx to larynx to trachea to bronchi to bronchioles to alveoli

97
Q

What is breathing?

A

Alternation b/w inhalation and exhalation of air that ventilates the lungs

98
Q

How do amphibians breathe?

A

By positive pressure breathing, which forces air down the trachea

99
Q

How does a bird breathe?

A

Via 2 cycles of inhalation and exhalation

100
Q

How does a mammal breathe?

A

Ventilates their lungs via negative pressure breathing which pulls air into lungs

101
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Volume of air inhaled with each breath

102
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Maximum tidal volume

103
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after exhalation

104
Q

Inhalation vs exhalation in terms of diaphragm

A

Inhalation: Diaphragm contracts (moves down)

Exhalation: Diaphragm relaxes (moves up)

105
Q

Where do diving mammals store their oxygen?

A

Stores it in their muscles in myoglobin proteins

106
Q

What is Bohr shift?

A

CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2

107
Q

Is the right side or left side of the heart thicker?

A

Left side is thicker because it pumps blood to the whole body.

108
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood to heart and pumps oxygenated blood throughout body

109
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs; and carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart

Biology (33 decks)

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