Chapter 35 Plant Structure Study Guide Flashcards
What does the root do?
Anchors the plants, absorb minerals and water, and stores carbohydrates
What are the two types of root system?
- Taproot (Eudicots) - One main vertical root with lateral roots
- Fibrous Root (Monocots) - No main root; thin roots spreads out beneath surface
What does stems do?
- Support leaves, buds, and reproductive structures
- conduct substances b/w roots and leaves
Nodes vs Internodes
Node is the point where the leaves are attached to stem vs. the stem segments b/w the nodes
Apical Bud
Located at the shoot tip; enables plant growth
Axillary Bud
Found in the angle b/w leaf and stem; forms lateral branches, thorns, or flowers
What does the leaves contain?
A blade and petiole (leaf stalk)
What are some variations of leaves?
-compound leaves
- single leaves
- different leaf arrangements
What is dermal tissue?
Outer protective covering
What is the epidermis?
Primary protective outer layer in non-woody plants.
What does the periderm do?
Replaces epidermis in older regions of stems and roots in woody plants.
What is the cuticle?
Waxy layer that prevents water loss.
Xylem tissue
Conducts water and minerals upward from roots.
Phloem tissue
Transports sugars, phosphate, and other nutrients to where they’re needed
What is the pith?
Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue.
What is the cortex?
Ground tissue external to the vascular tissue.
What is the shoot system?
The stems and leaves
What does the shoot system give the root system; and vice versa?
Shoot System: Gives the roots sugar from photosynthesis
Root System: Gives the stems and leaves water and minerals
What does lateral roots do?
Improve anchorage and water absorption
Where can taproots be found?
Can be found in tall plants with large shoot masses to prevent the plant from toppling.
What kind of roots can be found in fibrous root systems?
Adventitious roots that come from stems or leaves
What does root hairs do?
Increase the surface area of the root
What are the functions of the leaves?
- intercepts light
- exchange gases
- Dissipate heat
- Defend the plant from herbivores and pathogens
What some examples of modified leaves?
- spines
- reproductive leaves
- tendrils
- storage leaves
What are the 3 tissue systems?
- dermal tissue
- vascular tissue
- ground tissue
From innermost to outermost, what is the plant tissue arrangement?
vascular -> ground -> dermal
Difference b/w root and stem tissue
root: vascular tissue is whole vs. stem: vascular tissue is divided
What is the vascular tissue system?
Facilitates the transport of materials through the plant and provides mechanical support
What is the ground tissue system?
Tissues that are neither dermal/vascular.
Includes:
- pith
- cortex
- cells specialized for photosynthesis, storage, and supports/transport
What happens in woody plants?
Perideom (protective tissue) replaces the epidermis in older region of stems/roots.
What does the dermal tissue consist of?
- The dermal tissue system consists of the epidermis which contains the cuticle.
Why are trichomes important?
Helps with reducing water loss and insect defense
-outgrowths of the shoot epidermis
What are the major types of plant cells? (5 things)
- Parenchyma cells
- Collenchyma cells
- Sclerenchyma Cells
- water conducting cells of the xylem
- sugar conducting cells of the phloem
What are some things of collenchyma cells? (3 things)
- cells are grouped in strands and help support young plant parts
- Have thicker and uneven cell walls
- cells provide flexible support without restraining growth
What are some things of sclerenchyma cells? (2)
- cells are rigid because of thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin
- dead at functional maturity
What are the two types of sclerenchyma cells?
- Sclereids: Short and irregular in shape, and have thick lignified secondary walls
- Fibers: Long and slender and arranged in threads
What are the two types of water conducting cells of xylem?
- Tracheids: Found in xylem of all vascular plants
- Vessel Elements: Align end to end to form long micropipes (vessels)
What are the 3 types of sugar conducting cell of phloem?
- Sieve tube elements
- Sieve plates
- Companion cell
What are the sieve tube elements?
Cells that are alive at functional maturity although they lack organelles
What are sieve plates ?
Porous end wells that allow fluid io flow because of cells along the sieve tube
What are companion cells?
Cells whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells in each sieve-tube element
What is intermediate growth?
A plant can grow throughout its life
What is determinate growth?
Plant organs cease to grow at a certain size
What are meristems? What are the two types?
- Perpetually embryonic tissue and allow for indeterminate growth
- Types: Apical and Lateral
Where is apical meristem located?
Located at tips of root and shoots
- Elongated shoots and roots –> Primary growth
What is lateral meristems? What are the 2 types?
Adds thickness to woody plants
2 types:
- vascular cambium
- cork cambium
What does vascular cambium do?
Adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem
What does cork cambium do?
Replaces epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher
What does the root cap do?
Covers the root tip; protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil
Where does root cap growth occurs? (3)
- zone of cell division
- zone of elongation
- zone of differentiation or maturation
What does meristems give rise to?
- Initials (stem cells)
- Derivatives
What are the 3 kinds of life cycles of a plant?
- Annual: Completes in a year or 2
- Biennial: Requires two growing seasons
- Perennials: Lives for many years
What are some important things of parenchyma cells? (5 things)
- thin and flexible primary walls
- lacks secondary walls
- least specialized
- perform the most metabolic functions
- retain the ability to divide and differentiate
