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Biology > Chapter 35 Plant Structure Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 35 Plant Structure Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the root do?

A

Anchors the plants, absorb minerals and water, and stores carbohydrates

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2
Q

What are the two types of root system?

A
  1. Taproot (Eudicots) - One main vertical root with lateral roots
  2. Fibrous Root (Monocots) - No main root; thin roots spreads out beneath surface
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3
Q

What does stems do?

A
  • Support leaves, buds, and reproductive structures
  • conduct substances b/w roots and leaves
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4
Q

Nodes vs Internodes

A

Node is the point where the leaves are attached to stem vs. the stem segments b/w the nodes

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5
Q

Apical Bud

A

Located at the shoot tip; enables plant growth

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6
Q

Axillary Bud

A

Found in the angle b/w leaf and stem; forms lateral branches, thorns, or flowers

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7
Q

What does the leaves contain?

A

A blade and petiole (leaf stalk)

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8
Q

What are some variations of leaves?

A

-compound leaves
- single leaves
- different leaf arrangements

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9
Q

What is dermal tissue?

A

Outer protective covering

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10
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

Primary protective outer layer in non-woody plants.

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11
Q

What does the periderm do?

A

Replaces epidermis in older regions of stems and roots in woody plants.

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12
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

Waxy layer that prevents water loss.

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13
Q

Xylem tissue

A

Conducts water and minerals upward from roots.

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14
Q

Phloem tissue

A

Transports sugars, phosphate, and other nutrients to where they’re needed

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15
Q

What is the pith?

A

Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue.

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16
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Ground tissue external to the vascular tissue.

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17
Q

What is the shoot system?

A

The stems and leaves

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18
Q

What does the shoot system give the root system; and vice versa?

A

Shoot System: Gives the roots sugar from photosynthesis

Root System: Gives the stems and leaves water and minerals

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19
Q

What does lateral roots do?

A

Improve anchorage and water absorption

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20
Q

Where can taproots be found?

A

Can be found in tall plants with large shoot masses to prevent the plant from toppling.

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21
Q

What kind of roots can be found in fibrous root systems?

A

Adventitious roots that come from stems or leaves

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22
Q

What does root hairs do?

A

Increase the surface area of the root

23
Q

What are the functions of the leaves?

A
  • intercepts light
  • exchange gases
  • Dissipate heat
  • Defend the plant from herbivores and pathogens
24
Q

What some examples of modified leaves?

A
  • spines
  • reproductive leaves
  • tendrils
  • storage leaves
25
Q

What are the 3 tissue systems?

A
  • dermal tissue
  • vascular tissue
  • ground tissue
26
Q

From innermost to outermost, what is the plant tissue arrangement?

A

vascular -> ground -> dermal

27
Q

Difference b/w root and stem tissue

A

root: vascular tissue is whole vs. stem: vascular tissue is divided

28
Q

What is the vascular tissue system?

A

Facilitates the transport of materials through the plant and provides mechanical support

29
Q

What is the ground tissue system?

A

Tissues that are neither dermal/vascular.

Includes:
- pith
- cortex
- cells specialized for photosynthesis, storage, and supports/transport

30
Q

What happens in woody plants?

A

Perideom (protective tissue) replaces the epidermis in older region of stems/roots.

31
Q

What does the dermal tissue consist of?

A
  • The dermal tissue system consists of the epidermis which contains the cuticle.
32
Q

Why are trichomes important?

A

Helps with reducing water loss and insect defense

-outgrowths of the shoot epidermis

33
Q

What are the major types of plant cells? (5 things)

A
  • Parenchyma cells
  • Collenchyma cells
  • Sclerenchyma Cells
  • water conducting cells of the xylem
  • sugar conducting cells of the phloem
34
Q

What are some things of collenchyma cells? (3 things)

A
  • cells are grouped in strands and help support young plant parts
  • Have thicker and uneven cell walls
  • cells provide flexible support without restraining growth
35
Q

What are some things of sclerenchyma cells? (2)

A
  • cells are rigid because of thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin
  • dead at functional maturity
36
Q

What are the two types of sclerenchyma cells?

A
  • Sclereids: Short and irregular in shape, and have thick lignified secondary walls
  • Fibers: Long and slender and arranged in threads
37
Q

What are the two types of water conducting cells of xylem?

A
  • Tracheids: Found in xylem of all vascular plants
  • Vessel Elements: Align end to end to form long micropipes (vessels)
38
Q

What are the 3 types of sugar conducting cell of phloem?

A
  • Sieve tube elements
  • Sieve plates
  • Companion cell
39
Q

What are the sieve tube elements?

A

Cells that are alive at functional maturity although they lack organelles

40
Q

What are sieve plates ?

A

Porous end wells that allow fluid io flow because of cells along the sieve tube

41
Q

What are companion cells?

A

Cells whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells in each sieve-tube element

42
Q

What is intermediate growth?

A

A plant can grow throughout its life

43
Q

What is determinate growth?

A

Plant organs cease to grow at a certain size

44
Q

What are meristems? What are the two types?

A
  • Perpetually embryonic tissue and allow for indeterminate growth
  • Types: Apical and Lateral
45
Q

Where is apical meristem located?

A

Located at tips of root and shoots

  • Elongated shoots and roots –> Primary growth
46
Q

What is lateral meristems? What are the 2 types?

A

Adds thickness to woody plants

2 types:
- vascular cambium
- cork cambium

47
Q

What does vascular cambium do?

A

Adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

48
Q

What does cork cambium do?

A

Replaces epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher

49
Q

What does the root cap do?

A

Covers the root tip; protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil

50
Q

Where does root cap growth occurs? (3)

A
  • zone of cell division
  • zone of elongation
  • zone of differentiation or maturation
51
Q

What does meristems give rise to?

A
  • Initials (stem cells)
  • Derivatives
52
Q

What are the 3 kinds of life cycles of a plant?

A
  • Annual: Completes in a year or 2
  • Biennial: Requires two growing seasons
  • Perennials: Lives for many years
53
Q

What are some important things of parenchyma cells? (5 things)

A
  • thin and flexible primary walls
  • lacks secondary walls
  • least specialized
  • perform the most metabolic functions
  • retain the ability to divide and differentiate

Biology (33 decks)

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