Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Chapter 44 Osmoregulation and Excretion > Flashcards

Chapter 44 Osmoregulation and Excretion Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does osmoregulation control?

A

Controls solute concentrations and balances water gain and loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does excretion do?

A

Rids the body of nitrogenous metabolites and other waste produces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the body’s base product?

A

Nitrogenous metabolites (base product); dangerous to keep in body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the driving force behind the movement of solutes and movement?

A

The driving force is a concentration gradient of one or more solutes across the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

The solute concentration of a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does osmolarity determine?

A

Determines the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens if two solutions are issosmotic?

A

Water molecules will cross the membrane at equal rates in both directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does water diffuse in terms of solute concentration?

A

Moves from low solute concentration to high solute concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

Solute concentration is equal b/w 2 solutions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Does water move in an isotonic solution?

A

No net movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a hypertonic/hyperosomotic solution?

A

A solution with a high solute concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is hypotonic/hypoosmotic solution?

A

A solution with a low solute concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are osmoconformers?

A

Some marine animals that are isoosmotic with their surroundings and don’t regulate their osmolarity

  • same amount of solute outside and inside of animal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are osmoregulators?

A

Animals that expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is stenohaline?

A

Animals that cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Are marine invertebrates osmoconformers or osmoregulators?

A

Osmoconformers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Are marine vertebrates and some marine invertebrates osmoregulators or osmoconformers?

A

Osmoregulators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Marine bony fishes are what to seawater?

A

Hypoosmotic/hypotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do marine bony fishes balance water loss?

A

By drinking large amounts of seawater and eliminating the salts through their gills and kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do freshwater animals balance their hypoosmotic environment?

A

By losing salts via diffusion and maintaining water balance by drinking almost no water

  • also excretes large amounts of dilute urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is anhydroiosis?

A

The adaptation of an invertebrate that loses almost all their body water and surviving in a dormant state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do land animals maintain water balance?

A

by eating moist food and producing water metabolically through cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do desert animals preserve water?

A

By having a nocturnal lifestyle; doing most things at night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do most terrestrial animals prevent dehydration?

A

Via body coverings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Do osmoregulators use energy to maintain osmotic gradients?

A

Yes! In the form of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the amount of energy for osmotic gradients depend on? (3)

A
  • How different the animal’s osmolarity is from its surroundings
  • How easily water and solutes move across the animal’s surface
  • The work required to pump solutes across the membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is transport epithelia?

A

Epithelial cells that are specialized for moving solutes in specific directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How are transport epithelial arranged?

A

Arranged into a complex tubular networks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is an example of transport epithelia?

A

Nasal glands of marine birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the most significant waste of animals?

A

Nitrogenous breakdown products of proteins and nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What happens to ammonia before excretion?

A

Ammonia is converted to less toxic compounds before excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the 3 forms of nitrogenous wastes?

A
  • ammonia
  • urea
  • uric acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What do animals that excrete nitrogenous waste as ammonia need?

A

Need access to lots of water; lots of water is loss

35
Q

Is urea less toxic than ammonia?

A

Yes, it’s less toxic

36
Q

Which uses less water, urea or ammonia?

A

Urea

37
Q

In vertebrates, where is urea produced?

A

In the liver

38
Q

Where is urea excreted?

A

In the kidneys

39
Q

What do insects, land snals, and many reptiles usually excrete?

A

Uric acid

40
Q

Which requires more energy to produce, urea or uric acid?

A

Uric acid

41
Q

Is uric acid toxic?

A

No, relatively nontoxic

42
Q

Does uric acid require water?

A

No it doesnt

43
Q

What is the 4 functions of the excretory systems?

A
  • filtration
  • reabsorption
  • secretion
  • excretion
44
Q

What is filtration?

A

Filtering of body fluids

45
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

Reclaiming valuable solutes

46
Q

What is secretion?

A

Adding nonessential solutes and wastes to the filtrate

47
Q

What is excretion?

A

Processed filtrate containing nitrogenous waste is released from the body

48
Q

What is filtrate?

A

Product of filtration

49
Q

What is protonephridia?

A

A network of dead end tubules connected to external openings

50
Q

What does the protonephridium do? (2)

A
  • Excretes a dilute fluid
  • Functions in osmoregulation
51
Q

What does metanephridia consist of?

A

Consist of tubules that collect coelomic fluid in earthworms

52
Q

What does metanephridia produce?

A

Produces dilute urine for excretion in earthworms

53
Q

What is a flame bulb?

A

A cellular unit that caps the branches of protonephridium

54
Q

What do malpighian tubules do? (2)

A
  • They remove nitrogenous wastes from hemolymph in insects and other terrestrial arthropods
  • Function in osmoregulation
55
Q

What do insects produce as waste?

A

They produce uric acid in a dry waste form

56
Q

What are the kidneys?

A

Excretory organs of vertebrates that function in both excretion and osmoregulation?

57
Q

What does the vertebrate excretory systems also include?

A

Includes other ducts and other structures that carry urine from the tubules out of the kidney and out of the body

58
Q

What consists of the nephron? (6)

A

Renal Corpuscle
- Glomerulus
- Borman’s capsule
Proximal tubule
Peritubular capillaries
Loop of Henle

59
Q

What does the filtrate produced in Bowman’s capsule contain? (6)

A

Contains salt, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, nitrogenous wastes, and other small molecules

60
Q

What happens in the proximal tubule?

A

Reabsorption of ions, water, and nutrients

61
Q

What happens to molecules in the proximal tubule?

A

Molecules are transported actively and passively from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid and then capillaries

  • Filtrate becomes more concentrated with excreted materials thru proximal tube
62
Q

What do aquaporin proteins do?

A

Creates channels where water continues to be reabsorb in the descending loop of henle

63
Q

What drives the movement in the loop of henle?

A

High osmolarity (high concentration of solutes)

64
Q

What happens during the ascending loop of henle?

A

Filtrate becomes diluted because salt diffuses from the tubule into interstitial fluid

65
Q

What the distal tubule do? (2)

A
  • Regulates potassium and sodium concentration of body fluids
  • controls movement of ions (hydrogen and bicarbonate(HCO3-)) for pH regulation
66
Q

What does the collecting duct do?

A

Carries filtrate through the medulla to the renal pelvis

  • location of where the most important tasks of reabsorption of solutes and water takes place
67
Q

Urine is what to body fluids?

A

Urine is hyperosmotic/hypertonic to body fluids

68
Q

What two primary solutes affects osmolarity?

A

Sodium (NaCl) and urea

69
Q

What happens as the filtrate volume decreases in the proximal tubule?

A

Osmolarity doesn’t change

70
Q

As the filtrate moves in the the descending limb of the loop of henle, what happens to solute?

A

Solute becomes more concentrated because water leaves the tubule

71
Q

What does the countercurrent multiplier system involve?

A

It involves the loop of Henle that maintains a high salt concentration in the kidneys

72
Q

Urine is what to the interstitial fluid of the inner medulla?

A

Urine is isosmotic to the interstitial fluid of the inner medulla

73
Q

Urine is what to blood and the other interstitial flood in the body?

A

Urine is hyperosmotic/hypertonic to blood and other interstitial fluids elsewhere in the body

74
Q

Difference b/w mammals in dry habitats vs fresh water habitats in terms of loop of henle

A

Dry habitats: Mammals have long loops of henle

Fresh water habitat: Mammals have short loops of henle

75
Q

How do birds conserve water?

A

By excreting uric acid instead of urea

76
Q

How do amphibians conserve water?

A

By reabsorbing water from the urinary bladder

77
Q

What do the nervous and hormonal controls do? (2)

A
  • Manages osmoregulatory functions of the mammalian kidney
  • Contribute to homeostasis for blood pressure and blood volume
78
Q

What does the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/vasopressin do?

A

ADH is released into the blood stream when osmolarity is high.

  • Reabsorbs water
79
Q

What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

A

A system apart of the complex feedback circuit that functions in homeostasis

80
Q

Explain the steps of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system? (5)

A
  1. The enzyme renin is released by the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) b/c of a drop in blood pressure near the glomerulus.
  2. When renin is released, this triggers the formation of the peptide angiotensin II.
  3. Angiotensin II increases blood pressure and decreases blood flow to the kidneys.
  4. The increase in blood pressure and drop of blood flow stimulates the hormone aldosterone.
  5. Aldosterone increases blood volume and pressure.
81
Q

What does the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) do?

A

This hormone opposes RAAS

82
Q

What are the functions of ANP? 2

A
  • Released as a response to an increase in blood volume and pressure
  • Inhibits the release of renin
83
Q

What do ADH AND RAAS both have a function in?

A

Both have a function in increasing water absorption

84
Q

What does RAAS respond to but not ADH?

A

A decrease in blood volume

Biology (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions