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Biology > Chapter 56 Conservation Biology and Global Change > Flashcards

Chapter 56 Conservation Biology and Global Change Flashcards

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1
Q

Which location has some of the greatest concentrations of species?

A

Tropical forests

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2
Q

What is conservation biology?

A

The conserving/saving and preserve biological life

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3
Q

What are the many fields that consists of conservation biology? (5)

A
  • ecology
  • physiology
  • molecular biology
  • genetics
  • evolutionary biology
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4
Q

Earth’s biodiversity is being threatened by what?

A

Human activities

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5
Q

What are the 3 main components of biodiversity?

A
  • genetic diversity
  • species diversity
  • ecosystem diversity
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6
Q

What is genetic diversity comprised of?

A

Genetic variation w/in a population and b/w populations

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7
Q

What is an endangered species?

A

Species in danger of becoming extinct throughout all or a significant portion of its range

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8
Q

What is a threatened species?

A

Species that are likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future

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9
Q

What is species diveristy?

A

Variety of species/organisms in an ecosystem or throughout the biosphere

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10
Q

What reduces ecosystem diversity?

A

Human activities as well

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11
Q

Why are species related to agricultural crops important?

A
  • A lot of our medicine and improved genetically modified crops help populationa
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12
Q

What are ecosystem services?

A

Services that encompass all the processes thru which natural ecosystems and their species help sustain human life

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13
Q

What are some examples of ecosystem services? (4)

A
  • Purification of air and water
  • Detoxification and decomposition of wastes
  • Cycling of nutrients
  • Moderation of weather extremes
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14
Q

What are the 4 major threats to biodiversity?

A
  • habitat loss
  • introduced species
  • overharvesting
  • global change
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15
Q

What are introduced species?

A

Species are those that humans move from native locations to new geographic regions.

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16
Q

How are introduced species able to increase rapidly?

A

B/c of the lack of their native predators, parasites, and pathogens

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17
Q

What is overharvesting?

A

Human harvesting of wild plants or animals at rates exceeding the ability of populations of those species to rebound

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18
Q

What kind of organisms are vulnerable to overharvesting?

A

Large organisms with low reproductive rates

Example: elephants

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19
Q

What has decreased wild fish populations?

A

Overfishing

Example: North Atlantic bluefin tuna sharply decreased by 80% in ten years

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20
Q

What does global change include? (3)

A
  • alterations in climate
  • atmospheric chemistry
  • broad ecological systems
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21
Q

What does acid precipitation contains? (2)

A

Contains sulfuric acid and nitric acid from the burning of wood and fossil fuels

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22
Q

What can air pollution from one region result in?

A

Can result in acid precipitation downwind

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23
Q

Can extinct species be resurrected?

A

Potentially thru cloning technology if frozen tissue is available

24
Q

What does population conservation focus on? (3)

A
  • population size
  • genetic diversity
  • critical habitat
25
Q

What are the two main approaches biologists follow for conservation and the population/species level?

A
  • small population approach
  • declining population approach
26
Q

What does the small population approach study?

A

Studies processes that can make small population become extinct

27
Q

What is the key factor of extinction vortex?

A
  • Loss of genetic variation necessary to enable evolutionary responses to environmental changes
28
Q

What are small populations prone of?

A

Inbreeding and genetic drift –> leads to extinction vortex

29
Q

What is the minimum viable population (MVP)?

A

Minimum population size at which a species can survive

30
Q

What is effective population size?

A

Population size based on the population’s breeding potential

helps to estimate the minimum viable population

31
Q

What is the effective population size estimated by?

A

N_e = (4N_fN_m)/(N_f + N_m)

where Nf and Nm are the number of females and the number of males, respectively, that breed successfully

N_e is the effective population size

32
Q

What is the declining population approach?

A

An approach that focuses on threatened and endangered population that show a downward trend, regardless of population size

emphasizes the environmental factors that caused the population to decline

33
Q

What are the steps of the declining-population approach? (5)

A
  1. Confirm that the population is in decline
  2. Study the species’ natural history
  3. Develop hypotheses for all possible causes of decline
  4. Test the hypotheses in order of likeliness
  5. Apply the results of the diagnosis to manage for recovery
34
Q

What does conserving species often requires? (think of conflict)

A

Resolving conflicts b/w habitat needs of endangered species and human demands

35
Q

What are defining features of landscapes?

A

Boundaries or edge b/w ecosystems

36
Q

What is a movement corridor?

A

A narrow strip of habitat connecting otherwise isolated patches

37
Q

What does the movement corridor promote? (2)

What is a disadvantage of the movement corridor?

A

Promotes dispersal and help with sustaining populations

  • Can facilitate the spread of disease b/w populations
38
Q

What is a biodiversity hot spot?

A

A relatively small area with a great concentration of endemic species and many endangered and threatened species

39
Q

What are nature reserves?

A

Biodiversity islands in a sea of habitat degraded by human activity

must consider disturbances as a functional component of all ecosystems

40
Q

What are the 2 approaches for a nature reserve

A
  1. One argument for large reserves is that large, far-ranging animals with low-density populations require extensive habitats
  2. Smaller reserves may be more realistic and may slow the spread of disease throughout a population
41
Q

What is a zoned reserve?

A

A reserve model that recognizes that conservation often involves working in landscapes that are largely human dominated

42
Q

What does a zoned reserve include? (2)

A
  • relatively undisturbed areas
  • modified areas that surround them and that serve as buffer zone
43
Q

What is urban ecology?

A

Examination of organisms and their environment in urban settings

44
Q

What are some human caused changed in the environment? (4)

A
  • nutrient enrichment
  • accumulation of toxins
  • climate change
  • ozone depletion
45
Q

What is critical load?

A

The amount of added nutrients that can be absorbed by the plants without damaging ecosystem integrity

46
Q

How does agriculture affects nutrients in the soil?

A

Agriculture removes/depletes nutrients in the soil

  • Fertilizers add nitrogen and other nutrients back into the agricultural system
47
Q

What happens if nutrients exceed the critical load?

A

Nutrient will leach into groundwater or run off into aquatic ecosystems

48
Q

What is biological magnification?

A

Concentration of toxins at higher trophic levels where biomass is lower

49
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

CO2, water vapor, and other GHGs reflect infrared radiation back toward the earth.

50
Q

What is assisted migration?

A

Translocation of species to a favorable habitat beyond its native range

51
Q

What are some ways to reduce greenhouse gases? (4)

A
  • reducing deforestation
  • reducing energy needs
  • converting to renewable source of energy
  • stabilizing CO2 emissions
52
Q

What is the ozone layer?

A

A protective layer that covers life on earth against damaging effects of UV radiation

53
Q

What is destroying the atmospheric ozone?

A

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) from human activity; decreases amount of ozone in the atmosphere

54
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

A development that meets the needs of people today without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their needs

55
Q

What does sustainable development require? (4)

A

Connections b/w
- life sciences
- social sciences
- economics
- humanities

Biology (34 decks)

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