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Biology > Chapter 37 Soil and Plant Nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 37 Soil and Plant Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the basic physical properties of soil? (2 things)

A
  • texture
  • composition
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2
Q

What are soil horizons?

A

Soil stratified in layers

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3
Q

What does topsoil consist of?

A
  • Mineral particles, living organisms, and humus
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4
Q

What is humus?

A

Decaying organic material

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5
Q

What are loams?

A

Most fertile topsoils and contains equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay

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6
Q

What does a soil’s composition refer to?

A

Its inorganic (mineral) and organic chemical components

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7
Q

What is the cation exchange? Why is it important?

A

Cation exchange: Cations are displaced from soil particles by other cations such as H+

  • It’s important bc it allows for cations to not leach out of the soil via percolating groundwater
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8
Q

What are the steps in cation exchange?

A
  1. Roots acidify the soil solution
  2. CO2 reacts with H20
  3. Mineral cations are released
  4. Roots absorb released cations
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9
Q

What does humus do in the soil?

A
  • Builds a crumbly soil that retains water but remains porous
  • Increases soil’s capacity to exchange cations
  • Serves as a reservoir of mineral nutrients
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10
Q

What is the goal of sustainable agriculture?

A
  • To use farming methods that are conservation-minded, environmentally safe, and profitable
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11
Q

What is land subsidence?

A

Settling or sinking of land as a result of depleting aquifers

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12
Q

What are aquifers?

A

Underground water reserves; primary source of irrigation waters

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13
Q

What is an example of sustainable agriculture?

A
  • Drip Irrigation
  • No till/reduced tillage agriculture
  • crop rotation
  • use of organic fertilizers
  • use of compost
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14
Q

What does fertilization do? What are commercial fertilizers enriched in?

A

Replaces mineral nutrients that have been lost from soil

  • Enriched in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
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15
Q

What is salinization?

A

Concentration of salts in soil as water evaporates

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16
Q

Why is drip irrigation considered sustainable?

A
  • Bc it requires less water and reduces salinization
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17
Q

What is phytoremediation?

A

Biological, nondestructive technology that reclaims contaminated areas

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18
Q

What are the 17 essential elements?

A
  • 17 chemical elements required for a plant to complete its life cycle and reproduce
19
Q

What is hydroponic culture?

A

What researchers use to determine which chemical elements are essential

20
Q

What are macronutrients? What are the 9 elements?

A

9 essential elements that plants requires in large quantities

  • Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, and magnesium
21
Q

What are micronutrients? What are the 8 elements?

A

The remaining 8 nutrients that plants require in small amounts.

  • Chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, nickel, and molybdenum
22
Q

What are symptoms of mineral deficiency?

A

The symptoms depend on the nutrient’s function and mobility within the plant

23
Q

What does the deficiency of a mobile nutrient usually affect? What the does the deficiency of a less mobile nutrient usually affect?

A

Mobile nutrient: Affects older organs

Less mobile nutrient: Affects younger organs

24
Q

What is rhizobacteria?

A
  • Free living bacteria that occupy the rhizosphere ; converts nitrogen in usable form for the plant
25
Q

What is rhizosphere?

A

Layer of soil closely surrounding the plant’s roots

26
Q

What are endophytes?

A

Nonpathogenic bacteria that live between the cells of host plant tissues

27
Q

How do endophytes and rhizobacteria enhance plant growth? 3 things

A
  • Producing chemicals that stimulate plant growth
  • Producing antibiotics that protect roots from disease
  • Absorbing toxic metals or increasing nutrient availability
28
Q

What does the nitrogen cycle do?

A

Transforms nitrogen and nitrogen-containing compounds

29
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

The conversion of nitrogen to N2 to NH3

30
Q

Explain the process of nitrogen cycle

A
  • N2 enters soil and comes in contact with nitrogen fixing bacteria; converts into NH3 (ammonia)
  • NH3 interacts with more H+ ions; converts into NH4 (ammonium)
  • NH4 interacts with nitrifying bacteria; becomes NO2- (nitrite)
  • NO2- goes thru more nitrifying bacteria and becomes NO3- (nitrate)
31
Q

What are nodules?

A

Swellings that are composed of plant cells “infected” by nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium bacteria; found along a legume’s root

32
Q

What are bacteriods?

A
  • Forms inside a root nodule that are contained within vesicles formed by the root cell
33
Q

What does crop rotation do?

A
  • Takes advantage of the agricultural benefits of symbiotic nitrogen fixation
34
Q

What are the two types of mycorrhizal associations?

A
  • Ectomycorrhizae
  • Arbuscular mycorrhizae
35
Q

What happens in ectomycorrhizae?

A
  • The mycelium of the fungus forms a dense sheath over the surface of the root (10% of plants have this)
36
Q

What happens in the arbuscular mycorrhizae?

A
  • The microscopic fungal hyphae extend into the root (85% of plants has this)
  • Penetrates the cell wall but not the plasma membrane
37
Q

What are epiphytes?

A

It grows on another plant and obtains water and minerals from rain

38
Q

What are parasitic plants?

A

Plants that absorbs sugars and minerals from their living host plant

39
Q

What are carnivorous plants?

A

Plants that are photosynthetic but obtain nitrogen by killing and digesting mostly insects

40
Q

What do “smart” plants do?

A

Inform the grower of a nutrient deficiency before damage has occurred

41
Q

What does aluminum do to acidic soils?

A

Damages roots and greatly reduces crop yields

42
Q

How can erosion be reduced? (4 things)

A
  • Planting trees as windbreaks
  • Terracing hillside crops
  • Cultivating in a contour pattern
  • Practicing no-till agriculture
43
Q
A

Biology (33 decks)

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