Chapter 31 Fungi Flashcards
What is fungi?
Heterotrophs that feed by absorption (outside of their bodies); break down organic material and recycle vital nutrietns
Mycorrhizal
Mutualistic association between plants and bacteria/fungi
What is the body structure of fungi?
Multicellular filaments or unicellular (yeast)
What does the morphology of multicellular fungi do?
Enhances their ability to absorb nutrients
How is fungi’s hyphae divied?
Usually divided into cells by the septa.
What is septa?
A septate hypha that has a cell wall, septum, pores, and nuclei
What is coenocytic fungi?
Fungi that lacks septa and has a continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds or thousands of nuclei
- only has a cell wall and nuclei
What is ectomycorrhizal fungi?
Fungi that forms sheaths of hyphae over a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex
What is arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi?
Fungi that extends hyphae through the cell walls of root cells and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane
What does mycorrhizal fungi give to plants?
Gives it phosphate ions and minerals
What is plasmogamy?
fusion of cytoplasm
what is karyogamy?
fusion of nuclei that produces a zygote
what is heterokaryotic stage?
A stage that happens between the plasmogamy and karyogamy.
What does fungi use pheromones (signaling molecules) for?
To communicate their mating type
Heterokaryon
Haploid nuclei from each parent that don’t fuse right away; coexists in the mycelium
Dikaryotic
Haploid nuclei pair of two to a cell; also known as mycelium
What happens during karyogamy?
Haploid nuclei fuse which produces diploid cells
The diploid cells then undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores
Deuteromycetes
Molds and yeasts that have no known sexual stage
What is the ancestor of fungi?
An aquatic, single-celled flagellated protists
Most closely related to multicellular nucleariids
Chystrids
Found in terrestrial, freshwater habitats that includes hydrothermal vents; unique due to having flagellated spores (zoospores)
Zygomycetes
Exhibit great diversity of life histories that includes fast growing molds and parasites
Example: black bread mold (“Rhizopus stolonifer”)
Important features of zygomycetes
Named for their sexually produced zygosporangia
- resistant to freezing and drying, can survive unfavorable conditions
Mycosis
General term for a fungal infection in animals
Practical uses of fungi
- Making cheese
- alcoholic beverages
- Bread
- Antibiotics
Basidiomycetes
Includes mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi
- some form mycorrhizal while others form plant parasites
Basidiospores
Numerous basidia in a basidiocarp are sources of the sexual spores
What are some roles of fungi?
- decomposers
- mutualists
Are fungi parasites?
Yes, some of them are and can be toxic to humans
Baridium?
Transient diploid stage in the life cycle that’s a clublike structure
- phylum is defined by this
What are conidia
Asexual spores that ascomycetes can reproduce
Basidiocarps
Elaborate fruiting bodies produced by mycelium that reproduce sexuually
examoke: mushrooms
Glomeromycetes
Classified in a separate clade but once were considered zygomycetes
- forms arbuscular mycorrhizae
Ascomycetes
Lives in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats
- called sac fungi
-produce sexual spores in saclike asci
Endophytes
Fungi that lives inside leaves or other plant parts
Fungi-animal mutualism
fungi share their digestive services with animals by helping to break down food material
Lichen
A symbiotic association b/w a photosynthetic microogranism and a fungus
Soredia
Small clusters of hyphae w/ embedded algae
