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Biology > Chapter 47 Animal Development > Flashcards

Chapter 47 Animal Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is fertilization?

A

Formation of a diploid zygote from a haploid egg and sperm

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2
Q

What two stages initiates embryonic development?

A
  • fertilization
  • cleavage
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3
Q

What is acrosomal reaction?

A

The triggering of when the sperm meets the egg

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4
Q

What is the acrosome?

A

Tip of the sperm head that releases hydrolytic enzymes to fertilize the egg

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5
Q

What is a fast block to polysperm?

A

a process that prevents additional sperm from entering an egg after the first sperm fertilizes it

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6
Q

What is the slow block to polysperm?

A

a process that prevents multiple sperm from fertilizing an egg by releasing material from the egg that creates a physical barrier to further sperm

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7
Q

What initiates the cortical reaction?

A

The fusion of the egg and sperm

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8
Q

What starts egg activation?

A

Increase in calcium in the cytosol –> increases the rates of cellular respiration and protein synthesis by the cell

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9
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

Extracellular matrix of the egg

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10
Q

Is fertilization in mammals and other terrestrial animals, internal or external?

A

Internal

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11
Q

What is cleavage?

A

A period of rapid cell division without growth

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12
Q

What are blastomeres?

A

The cytoplasm of one large cell that is split into many smaller cells

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13
Q

What is the blastula?

A

A ball of cells with a fluid-filled cavity

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14
Q

What is a blastocoel?

A

The fluid-filled cavity in the blastula

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15
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

Process by which cells occupy their appropriate locations

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16
Q

What is involved with morphogenesis? (2)

A
  • Gastrulation
  • Organogenesis
17
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Movement of cells from the blastula surface to the interior of the embryo

18
Q

What is organogenesis?

A

Formation of organs

19
Q

What is the gastrula?

A

A three layered embryo that was originally the cells of the blastula

  • rearranged by gastrulation
20
Q

What are the 3 layers of the gastrula?

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. endoderm
  3. mesoderm
21
Q

What does the ectoderm form?

A

Forms the outer layer

22
Q

What does the endoderm outline?

A

Outlines the digestive tract

23
Q

What does the mesoderm do?

A

Partially fills the space b/w the endoderm and the ectoderm

24
Q

What is the blastocyst?

A

Human equivalent to the blastula

25
Q

What is the inner cell mass?

A

Cluster of cells at one end of the blastocyst

26
Q

What is the trophoblast?

A

Outer epithelial layer of the blastocyst and does not contribute to the embryo, but instead initiates implantation

27
Q

What are amniotes?

A

Embryos that are surrounded by fluid in a sac called the amnion

28
Q

What are the 4 extraembryonic membranes that form around the embryo?

A
  1. Chorion –> function in gas exchange
  2. Amnion –> Encloses amniotic fluid
  3. Yolk sac –> Encloses yolk
  4. Allantois –> Disposes of waste products and contributes to gas exchange
29
Q

What begins neurulation?

A

The cell formation from the dorsal mesoderm that forms the notochord

30
Q

What is the notochord?

A

A rod extending along the dorsal side of the embryo

31
Q

What is induction?

A

When cells or tissues cause a developmental change in nearby cells

32
Q

What is the nerual tube?

A

When a neural plate curves inward

33
Q

What do neural crest cells develop into?

A

Found along the neural tube of vertebrates, it develops into various parts of the embryo

34
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

35
Q

What is determination?

A

Used to describe the process by which a cell or group of cells become committed to a particular fate

36
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Refers to the resulting specialization in structure and function

37
Q

What are fate maps?

A

Diagrams that show organs and other structures that arise from each region of the embryo

38
Q

What is pattern formation?

A

Development of spatial organization

Biology (33 decks)

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