Chapter 1 Evolution/Scientific Theory Flashcards
What is biology?
Scientific study of life
What is evolution?
Process of change that has transformed life on earth
What are the 5 unifying themes of biology?
- organization
- information
- energy and matter
- interactions
- evolution
What is an organelle?
Small organs and/or structures in the cell
What is the structure of life from least to largest?
molecules -> organelles -> cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ system -> organism -> populations -> communities -> ecosystems -> biosphere
What are emergent properties?
Properties that come from the arrangement and interactions of parts in a system
What is reductionism?
Reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study
What is systems biology?
Analysis of interactions among the parts of a biological system
What is smallest/lowest level of organization that is required for life?
The cell
What is in an eukaryotic cell?
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
- dna
- enclosed membrane organelles
What is included in a prokaryotic cell?
- cell membrane
-dna
What is the genetic material found in the chromosomes?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
What are genes?
Encodes for info that builds the molecules synthesized within the cells
What does DNA control?
The development and maintenance of organisms
What are nucleotides?
4 kinds of chemical building blocks that makeup DNA molecules
What makes up nucleotides?
- sugar
- phosphate
- nitrogen
What is gene expression?
Process of converting information from gene to cellular product
What does genes control indirectly?
Indirectly controls protein production
Process of gene expression?
- DNA transcribes to RNA
- RNA translates into chains of amino acids
- Amino acids are folded into proteins
What is transcription?
DNA is transcribed into RNA
What is translation?
RNA is translated into proteins
What is genomics?
Study of sets of genes within and between species
What is proteomis?
Study of whole sets of proteins encoded by the genome
What is proteomes?
Proteins encoded by the genome
What is the genome?
Entire set of genetic instructions
Genomics approach depends on what?
- high throughput
- bioinformatics
- interdisciplinary research terms
What is feedback regulation?
Output or product of a process that regulates that very process
What is negative feedback?
Response reduces initial stimulus
What is positive feedback?
Response increases initial stimulus
What is taxonomy?
Branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth
List the taxonomic groups from least to largest
species -> genus -> family -> order -> class -> phylum -> kingdom -> domain
What are the 3 multicellular kingdoms of the domain eukarya?
- animals
- fungi
- plants
What did Darwin’s theory explain?
Duality of unity and diversity
What were Darwin’s two main points?
- Natural selection
- Species with shared evidence of descent with modification from a common ancestor
What were Darwin’s 3 observations?
- species usually suit their environment
- individuals in a population vary in traits but most are heritable
- Competition is inevitable and more offspring is produced compared to survival
What is inquiry?
Search for info and explanation of natural phenomena
Qualitative vs quantitative data
description-based bs numbers-based
What is inductive reasoning?
Draws conclusions through the logical process of induction
What is hypothesis?
Tentative answer to a well-framed scientific question
Deductive reasoning
Uses general premises to make specific predictions
What is theory?
Statement broader in scope compared to a hypothesis
- Can lead to a testable hypothesis; supported by a large body of evidence
What is a controlled experiment?
experimental group is compared with a control group
What is the goal of technology with science?
To apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose
