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Biology > Chapter 29 Plant Diversity 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 29 Plant Diversity 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did land plants evolve from?

A

Evolved from green algae, i.e., charophytes

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2
Q

What are the shared traits b/w land plants and charophytes? (3 things)

A
  • rings of cellulose-synthesizing protein
  • structures of flagellated sperm
  • formation of a phragmoplast
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3
Q

What is sporopollenin?

A

Layer of a durable polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out in charophytes

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4
Q

What were the land advantages?
What were the land challenges?

A

Advantage: unfiltered sun, more CO2, and nutrient-rich soil

Challenge: Scarcity of water/ Lack of structural support to stand upright

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5
Q

What is an embryophyte

A

Plants with an embryo

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6
Q

What are the 5 derived traits of plants?

A
  1. Alternation of generations
  2. Multicellular, dependent embryos
  3. Walled spores produced in sporangia
  4. Multicellular gametangia
  5. Apical Meristems
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7
Q

What is the alternation of generations?

A

Process in which plants alternate b/w 2 multicellular reproductives cycles.

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8
Q

What are the two reproductive cycles in the alternation of generations?

A
  • gametophyte
  • diploid sporophyte
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9
Q

How does gametophyte and diploid sporophyte work together?

A

In gametophyte, haploid nuclei produces haploid gametes via mitosis.

From there the haploid gametes are fused together to create a diploid zygote. The diploid zygote produces haploid spores by meiosis. This is called diploid sporophytte

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10
Q

What happens in multicellular, dependent embryos?

A
  • Diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the female gametophyte
  • nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo via placental transfer cells
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11
Q

What is composed of the walled spores produced in sporangia? (2 things)

A
  • Sporangia
  • Sporocytes
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12
Q

What is sporangia?

A

An organ in sporophyte that produces spores

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13
Q

What is sporocytes?

A

Diploid cells that undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores

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14
Q

What is gametangia?
What are the two types of gametangia?

A

Organ that produces gametes

Two types: Archegonia and Antheridia

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15
Q

What is archegonia?

A

Female gametangia that produces eggs and are the site of fertilization

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16
Q

What is antheridia?

A

Male gametangia that produces and release sperm

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17
Q

What is apical meristems?

A

Area where plants sustain continual growth

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18
Q

What are the 3 additional derived traits of plants?

A
  • cuticle
  • stomata
  • mycorrhizae
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19
Q

What is a cuticle?

A

Waxy covering of the epidermis

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20
Q

What is a stomata?

A

Specialized cells that allows for gas exchange b/w outside air and plant

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21
Q

How long ago did plants colonize land?

A

450 MYA

22
Q

What is the evolutionary history of plants?

A

Nonvascular plants -> Vascular Plants -> Seedless Vascular -> Seeded Vascular -> Non-flowering and Flowering

23
Q

What is another name for nonvascular plants?

A

Bryophytes

24
Q

What is the breakdown of seedless vascular plants? (2 things)

A
  • Lycophytes
  • Monilophytes
25
Q

What are lycophytes? (4 things)

A
  • Club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts
  • Contains not true mosses (club and spike mosses)
  • Lives in moist swamps
  • are small herbaceous plants
26
Q

What are monilophytes? (3 things)

A
  • Ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns, and relatives
  • Most diverse in tropics
  • most widespread seedless vascular (ferns)
27
Q

What is a grade?

A

Group based on shared key biological traits instead of shared ancestry

28
Q

What is a seed? What are the 2 types of seeds?

A

An embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

2 types: Gymnosperm and Angiosperm

29
Q

What is a gymnosperm?

A

“Naked seed” plants including conifers

30
Q

What is an angiosperm?

A

Flowering plants

31
Q

What are the 3 phyla of Byrophytes?

A
  • Liverworts (Phylum Hepatophyta)
  • Mosses (Phylum Bryophyta)
  • Hornworts (Phylum Anthocerophyta)
32
Q

What does a sporophyte consist of? (3 things)

A
  • foot
  • seta (stalk)
  • Sporangium (capsule that discharges spores via peristone)
33
Q

What does a spore germinate into?

A

Germinates into a gametophyte that has a protonema and a gametophore (gamete-producing)

34
Q

What are bryophyte sporophyte?

A

A sporophyte that grows from archegonia
- smallest and simplest sporophyte of all plant groups

35
Q

What is peat?

A

Sphagnum or “peat moss” that forms extensive deposits of particularly decayed organic material.

36
Q

What can peat be used as? What conditions can peat be found in?

A
  • Can be used as a fuel source
  • Conditions: Low temps, pH, and oxygen levels
37
Q

Why is moss important? Where is it usually found in?

A

Can help retain nitrogen in soil

  • Extreme environments, moist forests, wetlands
38
Q

What were the first plants to grow tall?

A

Ferns

39
Q

What are 3 characteristics of seedless plants?

A
  • life cycles with dominant sporophytes
  • vascular tissues called xylem and phloem
  • well-developed roots and leaves
40
Q

What is xylem?

A

Tissue that conducts most of the water and minerals

  • includes tube-shaped cells called tracheids
41
Q

What is phloem?

A

Tissue that has cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

42
Q

What are water-conducting cells strengthened by?

A

Lignin

43
Q

What are roots?

A

Organs that anchor vascular plants

  • enable absorption of water and nutrients from soil
44
Q

What are leaves? What are the two types of leaves?

A

Organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants for photosynthesis

2 types: Microphylls and Megaphylls

45
Q

What are microphylls?

A

Leaves that has a single vein

46
Q

What are megaphylls?

A

Leaves with a highly branched vascular system

47
Q

What are sporophylls?

A

Modified leaves with sporangia

48
Q

What is sori?

A

Clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls

49
Q

What is strobili?

A

Cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls

50
Q

What is homosporous? What kind of plants are homosporous?

A

Spores that develops into bisexual gametophytes

  • Most seedless vascular plants
51
Q

What is heterosporous? What kind of plants are heterosporous?

A

Produces megaspores (female gametophytes) and microspores (male gametophytes)

  • all seeded and some seedless vascular plants
52
Q

Why are seedless vascular plants significant? (3 things)

A
  • Increases growth and photosynthesis removes CO2 from the atmosphere
  • May have contributed to global cooling during the Carboniferous period
  • Decaying plants of the Carboniferous forests eventually became coal.

Biology (33 decks)

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