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Biology > Chapter 38 Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology > Flashcards

Chapter 38 Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is plant life cycle characterized by?

A

Characterized by the alternation of generations:
- gametophyte (haploid)
- sporophyte (diploid)

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2
Q

What are the 3 Fs angiosperm life cycle is characterized by?

A
  • flowers, double fertilization, and fruits
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3
Q

What is the receptacle?

A
  • Where flowers are attached to the stem
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4
Q

What are the 4 floral organs?

A
  • carpals, stamens, sepals, and petals
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5
Q

What are the reproductive and nonreproductive floral organs?

A

Reproductive: Carpels and stamens
Nonreproductive: Sepals and Petals

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6
Q

What does the carpel produce? What does the stamen produce?

A

Carpel: Produce female gametophyte (embryo sac)

Stamen: Produce male gametophyte (pollen grains)

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7
Q

What does the carpel contain?

A
  • Stigma
  • style
  • ovary
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8
Q

What does the stamen contain?

A
  • Anther
  • Filament
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9
Q

What are complete flowers? What are incomplete flowers?

A

Complete flowers: Contains all 4 floral organs

Incomplete Flowers: Missing one or more floral organs

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10
Q

What is inflorescences?

A

Clusters of flowers

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11
Q

What are the 4 general trends in the evolution of flowers?

A
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Reduction in the number of floral parts
  • Fusion of floral parts
  • Location of ovaries inside receptacles
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12
Q

What is included in the angiosperm life cycle? 4 things

A
  • gametophyte development
  • pollination
  • double fertilization
  • seed development
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13
Q

What is the embryo sac?

A

Female gametophyte that develops within the sac

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14
Q

What does the pollen grain consist of?

A

two celled male gametophyte and the spore wall

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15
Q

What is pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma

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16
Q

What is a pollen tube?

A

A tube that grows down into the ovary and discharges two sperm cells near the embryo sac

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17
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The fusion of gametes

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18
Q

What happens during double fertilization?

A

One sperm fertilizes the egg and the other sperm combines with 2 polar nuclei to give the triploid food storing endosperm

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19
Q

What are the methods of pollination?

A
  • wind
  • water
  • animal
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20
Q

What is coevolution?

A

specific adaptations in flowers to attract specific pollinators

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21
Q

What are the 6 stages of the development of a seed?

A
  1. Endosperm development
  2. Embryo development
  3. Seed dormancy
  4. Seed germination
  5. Seedling development
  6. Flowering
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22
Q

What is a seed coat?

A

Hard, protective layer that encloses the embryo and its food supply

23
Q

What is the hypocotyl?

A

The embryonic axis below of the cotyledons

24
Q

What is the radicle?

A

The embryonic root

25
Q

What is the epicotyl?

A

Above the cotyledons

26
Q

What covers the young shoot? What covers the young root?

A

Coleoptile: Covers young shoot

Coleorhiza: Covers young root

27
Q

What is a fruit?

A

A mature ovary of a flower

28
Q

What is a simple fruit developed from?

A

Developed from a single or several fused carpels

29
Q

What are aggregate fruits developed from?

A

From a single flower with multiple separate carpels

30
Q

What are multiple fruits developed from?

A

Developed from a group of flowers called inflorescence

31
Q

What is an accessory fruit?

A

A fruit that contains other floral parts in addition to ovaries.

32
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Reproduction that results in a clone of genetically identical organisms

33
Q

What is fragmentation?

A

A form of asexual reproduction in which the separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants

34
Q

What is apomixis?

A

Asexual production of seeds from a diploid cell

35
Q

What is vegetative reproduction?

A

Another word for asexual reproduction due to progeny arising from mature vegetative fragments

36
Q

What is special about dioecious species?

A

These plants have their staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants to prevent self-fertilization.

37
Q

What is self-incompatibility?

A

A plant’s ability to reject its own pollen

38
Q

What are totipotent cells?

A

Cells that can divide and asexually generate a clone of the original organism

39
Q

What is vegetative propagation

A

Vegetative reproduction that is facilitated by humans

40
Q

What is callus?

A

Mass of dividing, undifferentiated totipotent cells formed where a stem is cut and produce adventitious roots

41
Q

What provides the root system? What is grafted onto the stock?

A

Stock provide root system

Scion is grafted onto the stock

42
Q

What is the general sense of plant biotechnology? What is the specific sense of plant biotechnology?

A

General: Refers to innovations in the use of plants to make useful products

Specific: Refers to use of GM organisms in agriculture and industry

43
Q

What are transgenic organisms?

A

Organisms that have been engineered to express a gene from another species

44
Q

What are biofuels? What is biomass?

A

Biofuels: Fuels derived from living biomass

Biomass: Total mass of organic matter in a group of organisms

45
Q

What are the concerns over GMOs?

A
  • Genetic engineering may transfer allergens from a gene source to a plant used for food
  • Unforeseen effects on nontarget organisms
  • The possibility of introduced genes escaping into related weeds through crop-to-weed hybridization –> results in superweeds
46
Q

What efforts are being used to prevent the GMO concerns?

A
  • Male sterility
  • Apomixis
  • Transgenes into chloroplast DNA (not transferred by pollen)
  • Strict self-pollination
47
Q

Benefits of GMOs?

A
  • Could potentially increase the quality and quantity of food worldwide
  • Some transgenic crops have been developed to produce a Bt toxin, which is toxic to insect pests
  • Other crops are able to tolerate herbicides or resist specific diseases
48
Q

What are the steps of seed development?

A
  1. Ovule develops into seed
  2. Ovary develops into fruit covering seed
  3. Seed germinates and embryo becomes new sporophyte
49
Q

What happens during embryo development?

A

Mitotic division splits fertilized egg into basal cell and terminal cell

50
Q

What does the basal cell produce?

A

Produces a multicellular suspensor that anchors the embryo to the parent plant

51
Q

What does the terminal cell produce?

A

Produces most of the embryo

52
Q

What does seed dormancy do?

A

Increases the chances that germination will occur at a time and place most advantageous to the seedling

53
Q

What is imbition?

A

Uptake of water due to low water potential of the dry seed; germination depends on this

Biology (33 decks)

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