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Biology > Chapter 38 Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology > Flashcards

Chapter 38 Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

What is plant life cycle characterized by?

A

Characterized by the alternation of generations:
- gametophyte (haploid)
- sporophyte (diploid)

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2
Q

What are the 3 Fs angiosperm life cycle is characterized by?

A
  • flowers, double fertilization, and fruits
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3
Q

What is the receptacle?

A
  • Where flowers are attached to the stem
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4
Q

What are the 4 floral organs?

A
  • carpals, stamens, sepals, and petals
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5
Q

What are the reproductive and nonreproductive floral organs?

A

Reproductive: Carpels and stamens
Nonreproductive: Sepals and Petals

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6
Q

What does the carpel produce? What does the stamen produce?

A

Carpel: Produce female gametophyte (embryo sac)

Stamen: Produce male gametophyte (pollen grains)

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7
Q

What does the carpel contain?

A
  • Stigma
  • style
  • ovary
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8
Q

What does the stamen contain?

A
  • Anther
  • Filament
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9
Q

What are complete flowers? What are incomplete flowers?

A

Complete flowers: Contains all 4 floral organs

Incomplete Flowers: Missing one or more floral organs

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10
Q

What is inflorescences?

A

Clusters of flowers

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11
Q

What are the 4 general trends in the evolution of flowers?

A
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Reduction in the number of floral parts
  • Fusion of floral parts
  • Location of ovaries inside receptacles
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12
Q

What is included in the angiosperm life cycle? 4 things

A
  • gametophyte development
  • pollination
  • double fertilization
  • seed development
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13
Q

What is the embryo sac?

A

Female gametophyte that develops within the sac

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14
Q

What does the pollen grain consist of?

A

two celled male gametophyte and the spore wall

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15
Q

What is pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma

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16
Q

What is a pollen tube?

A

A tube that grows down into the ovary and discharges two sperm cells near the embryo sac

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17
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The fusion of gametes

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18
Q

What happens during double fertilization?

A

One sperm fertilizes the egg and the other sperm combines with 2 polar nuclei to give the triploid food storing endosperm

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19
Q

What are the methods of pollination?

A
  • wind
  • water
  • animal
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20
Q

What is coevolution?

A

specific adaptations in flowers to attract specific pollinators

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21
Q

What are the 6 stages of the development of a seed?

A
  1. Endosperm development
  2. Embryo development
  3. Seed dormancy
  4. Seed germination
  5. Seedling development
  6. Flowering
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22
Q

What is a seed coat?

A

Hard, protective layer that encloses the embryo and its food supply

23
Q

What is the hypocotyl?

A

The embryonic axis below of the cotyledons

24
Q

What is the radicle?

A

The embryonic root

25
What is the epicotyl?
Above the cotyledons
26
What covers the young shoot? What covers the young root?
Coleoptile: Covers young shoot Coleorhiza: Covers young root
27
What is a fruit?
A mature ovary of a flower
28
What is a simple fruit developed from?
Developed from a single or several fused carpels
29
What are aggregate fruits developed from?
From a single flower with multiple separate carpels
30
What are multiple fruits developed from?
Developed from a group of flowers called inflorescence
31
What is an accessory fruit?
A fruit that contains other floral parts in addition to ovaries.
32
What is asexual reproduction?
Reproduction that results in a clone of genetically identical organisms
33
What is fragmentation?
A form of asexual reproduction in which the separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants
34
What is apomixis?
Asexual production of seeds from a diploid cell
35
What is vegetative reproduction?
Another word for asexual reproduction due to progeny arising from mature vegetative fragments
36
What is special about dioecious species?
These plants have their staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants to prevent self-fertilization.
37
What is self-incompatibility?
A plant's ability to reject its own pollen
38
What are totipotent cells?
Cells that can divide and asexually generate a clone of the original organism
39
What is vegetative propagation
Vegetative reproduction that is facilitated by humans
40
What is callus?
Mass of dividing, undifferentiated totipotent cells formed where a stem is cut and produce adventitious roots
41
What provides the root system? What is grafted onto the stock?
Stock provide root system Scion is grafted onto the stock
42
What is the general sense of plant biotechnology? What is the specific sense of plant biotechnology?
General: Refers to innovations in the use of plants to make useful products Specific: Refers to use of GM organisms in agriculture and industry
43
What are transgenic organisms?
Organisms that have been engineered to express a gene from another species
44
What are biofuels? What is biomass?
Biofuels: Fuels derived from living biomass Biomass: Total mass of organic matter in a group of organisms
45
What are the concerns over GMOs?
- Genetic engineering may transfer allergens from a gene source to a plant used for food - Unforeseen effects on nontarget organisms - The possibility of introduced genes escaping into related weeds through crop-to-weed hybridization --> results in superweeds
46
What efforts are being used to prevent the GMO concerns?
- Male sterility - Apomixis - Transgenes into chloroplast DNA (not transferred by pollen) - Strict self-pollination
47
Benefits of GMOs?
- Could potentially increase the quality and quantity of food worldwide - Some transgenic crops have been developed to produce a Bt toxin, which is toxic to insect pests - Other crops are able to tolerate herbicides or resist specific diseases
48
What are the steps of seed development?
1. Ovule develops into seed 2. Ovary develops into fruit covering seed 3. Seed germinates and embryo becomes new sporophyte
49
What happens during embryo development?
Mitotic division splits fertilized egg into basal cell and terminal cell
50
What does the basal cell produce?
Produces a multicellular suspensor that anchors the embryo to the parent plant
51
What does the terminal cell produce?
Produces most of the embryo
52
What does seed dormancy do?
Increases the chances that germination will occur at a time and place most advantageous to the seedling
53
What is imbition?
Uptake of water due to low water potential of the dry seed; germination depends on this

Biology (34 decks)

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