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Biology > Chapter 27 Bacteria and Archaea > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Bacteria and Archaea Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two domains of prokaryotes?

A

Archaea and Bacteria

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2
Q

Are prokaryotes multicellular or unicellular?

A

Unicellular that can form colonies

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3
Q

What the 3 common shapes of prokaryotes?

A

spheres (cocci)
rods (bacilli)
spirals

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4
Q

What are bacterial cell walls made up of?
What are archaean cell walls made up of?

A

Peptidoglycan - Bacteria

Polysaccharides and Proteins - Archaean

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5
Q

What is an important feature of the prokaryotic?

A

It’s cell wall

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6
Q

What is a gram stain

A

Used by scientists to classify bacteria by cell wall composition

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7
Q

gram positive bacteria

A

have simpler walls with a large amount of peptidoglycan

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8
Q

gram negative bacteria

A

have less peptidoglycan and has an outer membrane that can be toxic

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9
Q

Which gram bacteria is most likely to be antibiotic resistant?

A

gram negative bacteria because most antibiotics target peptidoglycan and it doesn’t have much of this

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10
Q

What is a capsule?

A

A polysaccharide or protein layer that covers many prokaryotes

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11
Q

Taxis

A

Ability to move toward or away from a stimulus

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12
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement toward of away from chemical stimulus

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13
Q

what is a bacterial flagella composed of?

A
  • motor
  • hook
  • filament
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14
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Smaller rings of dna that some species of bacteria have

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15
Q

what is a nucleoid region?

A

where circular DNA chromosome is located; not surrounded by a membrane

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16
Q

What do prokaryotic cells lack?

A

They lack complex compartmentalization

17
Q

What are key features of the prokaryotic reproduction?

A
  • they’re small
  • reproduction by binary fission
  • have short generation times
18
Q

What 3 factors contribute to genetic diversity in prokaryotes?

A
  • Mutation
  • rapid reproduction
  • genetic recombination
19
Q

Genetic Recombination

A

Combining of DNA from 2 sources, contributes to diversity

20
Q

Transformation

A

Prokaryotic cells can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment

21
Q

Transductions

A

Movement of genes b/w bacteria by bacteriophages

22
Q

Conjugation

A

Process where genetic material is transferred b/w prokaryotic cells

23
Q

What are the 3 ways prokaryotic DNA from different individuals can be brought together?

A
  • transformation
  • transduction
  • conjugation
24
Q

What is the F-factor?

A

A piece of DNA that’s required for the production of pili

25
Q

Connection between F plasmid and conjugation?

A

During conjugation, cells that has f plasmid is a DNA donor and those without f plasmid is a DNA recipient

26
Q

What is a R plasmid?

A

It carries the genes for antibiotic resistance

Bacteria that has r plasmids cannot be killed with antibiotics

27
Q

What are the 4 ways prokaryotes are organized by how they obtain energy and carbon?

A
  • Autotrophs: requires CO2 as a carbon source
  • Phototrophs: Obtains energy from light
  • Heterotrophs: Obtains energy from organic nutients
    -Chemotrophs: Obtains energy from chemical reactions
28
Q

What are the 4 major modes of nutrition?

A
  • Photoautotrophy: Makes own food but needs sunlight
  • Chemoautotrophy: Doesn’t need sunlight but needs inorganic chemicals
  • Photoheterotrophy: Needs sunlight and nutrients
  • Chemoheterotrophy: Needs nutrients and chemicals
29
Q

What are the 3 roles of oxygen in metabolism?

A
  • Oblique Aerobes: Requires O2 for cellular respirations
  • Oblique Anaerobes: Doesn’t need O2 for respirations
  • Facultative Anaerobes: Can survive with or without O2
30
Q

What are the 3 extreme archaeans?

A

extremophiles: Archaea that lives in extreme environments

extreme halophiles: archaea that live in saline environments

extreme thermophiles: archaea that live in very hot environments

31
Q

What are methanogens?

A

Lives in swamps and marshes, and produce methane as a waste product

32
Q

What is commensalism?

A

One organism benefits while the other doesn’t benefit nor is harmed

33
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Both symbiotic organisms benefit

34
Q

What is parasitism?

A

Parasite harms but doesn’t kill its host

35
Q

What is exotoxins?

A

Toxins secreted and cause disease without the present of the prokaryote

36
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

Toxins released only when the bacteria dies and the cell wall breaks down

37
Q

Proteobacteria?

A

Gram-negative bacteria that includes photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs. Some are anaerobic while others are aerobic

  • All include a greek name along with proteobacteria
38
Q

What is cyanobacteria?

A

Photoautotrophs that generates O2.

39
Q

What is spirochetes?

A

Bacteria that are helical heterotrophs

examples: causes syphilis

Biology (34 decks)

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