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Biology > Chapter 46 Animal Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 46 Animal Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hermaphrodite?

A

Organism that can function as both a male and female.

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2
Q

What are the 2 major forms of reproduction?

A
  • sexual reproduction
  • asexual reproduction
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3
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Creation of an offspring by fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg) to form a zygote

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4
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Creation of offspring without the fusion of egg and sperm

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5
Q

What are 4 examples of asexual reproduction?

A
  • Binary fission
  • Budding
  • Fragmentation
  • Pathogenesis
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6
Q

What is fission?

A

Separation of a parent into two or more individuals of about the same size

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7
Q

What is budding?

A

When a small bud grows out of the parent, but the parent doesn’t split into two.

  • Bud eventually separates
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8
Q

What is fragmentation?

A

Breaking of the body into pieces where some of all of which develop into adults

  • Initial parent splits into more than two pieces
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9
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

The development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg

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10
Q

What must be accompanied by fragmentation?

A

Regeneration: Regrowth of lost body parts

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11
Q

What is the “twofold cost” of sexual reproduction?

A

Sexual females have half as many daughters as asexual females

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12
Q

Which form of reproduction is expected to be most advantageous in stable, favorable environments, asexual or sexual reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction

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13
Q

What are reproductive cycles controlled by?

A
  • Hormones and environmental cues
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14
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Release of mature eggs at the midpoint of a female cycle

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15
Q

What can decrease reproductive success?

A

Climate change

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16
Q

How do several genera of fishes, amphibians, and lizards reproduce?

A

Via a complex form of parthenogenesis

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17
Q

What is hermaphroditism?

A

Individual has male and female reproductive system

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18
Q

What can hermaphrodites do? (2)

A
  • Two can mate with each other
  • Some can self-fertilize
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19
Q

What is fertilization?

A

Union of egg and sperm, play an important part in sexual reproduction

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20
Q

What happens in the external fertilization.

A

eggs shed by the female are fertilized by sperm in the external environment

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21
Q

What is required for external fertilization?

A

A moist habitat is required for the sperm to swim to the egg, and prevents gametes from drying out

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22
Q

What is spawning?

A

Clustering of individuals in the same area to release their gametes into the water at the same time.

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23
Q

What triggers spawning?

A

Sometimes it’s chemical signals, other times it is environmental cues

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24
Q

What happens in internal fertilization?

A

Sperm are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract, and fertilization occurs within the tract

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25
Q

What does internal fertilization require?

A
  • Behavioral interactions
  • Compatible copulatory organs
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26
Q

What does all fertilization all require?

A
  • critical timing, often mediated by environmental cues, pheromones, and/or courtship behavior
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27
Q

What is internal fertilization associated with? (2)

A
  • Production of fewer gametes, but higher amount of zygotes survive
  • Mechanisms to provide protection of embryos and parental care of young
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28
Q

What are gonads?

A

Organs that produce gametes (testes and ovaries)

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29
Q

What are some types of embryos?

A
  • Internal embryos
  • Embryos that have eggs with calcium and protein containing shells/several internal membranes
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30
Q

What is a spermatheca?

A

A structure where sperm is stored during copulation of female insects

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31
Q

What is a cloaca?

A

Common opening b/w the external environment and the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems

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32
Q

Where is cloaca most commonly found?

A

In nonmammalian vertebrates

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33
Q

What does reproductive organs do?

A

Produce and transport gametes

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34
Q

What are the male’s external reproductive organs? (2)

A
  • Scrotum
  • Penis
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35
Q

What are the male’s internal reproductive organs? (3)

A
  • Gonads –> produce sperm and hormones
  • Accessory glands that secrete products for sperm movement
  • Ducts –> Carry sperm and glandular secretions
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36
Q

Why do the testes drop from the abdomen?

A

B/c sperm needs to produce in a less heated area;

Abdomen area has too high of a body temperature

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37
Q

What are testes?

A

Male gonads that consist of highly coiled seminiferous tubules surrounded by connective tissue

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38
Q

What happens in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sperm is formed here

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39
Q

What does leydig cells produce?

A

Produce hormones and are scattered b/w the tubules

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40
Q

Where are the leydig cells located?

A

In the interstitial fluid outside of the seminiferous tubules

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41
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

Location of where testes are held b/c temperature is lower compared to the abdominal cavity

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42
Q

What happens in the epididymis?

A

Sperm is passed to here from the seminiferous tubules of the testes

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43
Q

What happens during ejaculation?

A
  • sperm are propelled through the muscular vas deferens and the ejaculatory duct,
  • then exit the penis through the urethra
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44
Q

What is semen composed of?

A

composed of sperm plus secretions from three sets of accessory glands

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45
Q

What does the two seminal vesicles do?

A

Contribute to about 60% of the total volume of semen

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46
Q

Where does the prostate gland secrete their products?

A

Secretes it directly into the urethra through several small ducts

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47
Q

What does the bulbourethral glands secrete?

A

A clear mucus before ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine remaining in the urethra

48
Q

What is the penis composed of?

A

Composed of 3 cylinders of spongy erecticle tissue

49
Q

What happens during sexual arousal?

A

The erectile tissue fills with blood from the arteries, causing an erection

50
Q

What does the head of the penis or glan consist of?

A

Consists of thinner skin covering than the shaft and is more sensitive to stimulation

51
Q

What is the prepuce or foreskin?

A

A fold of skin that surrounds the glans

52
Q

What does the female external reproductive structures consist of?

A
  • Clitoris
  • Two sets of labia
53
Q

What does the internal organs of the female reproductive anatomy?

A
  • Pair of gonads
  • System of ducts and chambers that carries embryos and house embryos and fetus
54
Q

What are the female gonads?

A

Ovaires that lie in the abdominal cavity

55
Q

What does the ovaries contain? (2)

A
  • Follicles
  • Oocyte: partially developed egg
56
Q

How does the egg cell travel from the ovary to the uterus?

A

Via an oviduct or fallopian tube

57
Q

What is another name of the uterus lining?

A

Endometrium

58
Q

What is another name for the uterus?

A

Womb

59
Q

What does the uterus do? (2)

A

Narrows at the cervix

Opens into the vagina

60
Q

What is the vagina?

A

Muscular but elastic chamber that is the repository for sperm during copulation and serves as the birth canal

61
Q

What is the outside of the vagina? (5)

A
  • Vulva
    • Labia majora
    • labia minora
    • hymen
    • clitoris
62
Q

What are the mammary glands?

A

Glands that consist of small sacs of epithelial tissues that secretes milk

63
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

Production of gametes

64
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Formation of sperm

65
Q

How long does it take for sperm to develop?

A

about 7 weeks

66
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Development of a mature egg

67
Q

What are the 3 ways that spermatogenesis differs from oogenesis?

A
  1. All four products of meiosis develop into sperm while only one of the four becomes an egg
  2. Spermatogenesis occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood
  3. Sperm are produced continuously without the prolonged interruptions in oogenesis
68
Q

What does the Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) do?

A

Secreted by the hypothalamus, it stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland

69
Q

What does FSH and LH regulate?

A

Regulate processes in the gonads and the production of sex hormones

70
Q

What is the main androgen?

A

Testosterone

71
Q

What does estrogen consist of? (2)

A

Estradiol and progesterone

72
Q

What does FSH promote in males?

A

Promotes activity of Sertoli cells which nourish developing sperm

73
Q

What does LH regulate in males?

A

regulates Leydig cells –> which secrete testosterone and other androgens –> promote spermatogenesis

74
Q

What does testosterone regulate?

A

the production of GnRH, FSH, and LH through negative feedback mechanisms

75
Q

What does the Sertoli cells secrete?

A

Secrete the hormone inhibin, which reduces FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary

76
Q

What is menstruation?

A

Process in which the endometrium is shedded if an embryo isn’t implanted in the endometrium

77
Q

What happens prior to ovulation?

A

Endometrium thickens w/ blood vessels in preparation for embryo implantation

78
Q

What is the uterine cycle?

A

Changes in the uterus that defines the menstrual cycle

79
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A

Changes in the ovaries

80
Q

What happens in the ovarian cycle? (4)

A
  1. GnRH is released which stimulates FSH and LH –> further stimulates follicle growth
  2. Follicle grows and there’s an increase in the hormone estradiol.
  3. Estradiol growth characterizes the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
  4. Follicular phase ends at ovulation, and secondary oocyte is released
81
Q

What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle?

A
  • follicular phase
  • ovulation
  • luteal phase
82
Q

What happens in the luteal phase? (2)

A
  1. Follicular tissue that is left behind is stimulated into a corpus luteum
  2. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estradiol that exerts a negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary
83
Q

What are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle?

A
  • Menstrual flow phase
  • proliferative phase
  • ## secretory phase
84
Q

What happens in the uterine cycle? (3)

A
  1. Thickening of the endometrium during the proliferative phase coordinates with the follicular phase
  2. Secretion of nutrients during the secretory phase coordinates with the luteal phase
  3. Shedding of the endometrium during the menstrual flow phase coordinates with the growth of new ovarian follicles
85
Q

What is an ectopic location?

A

An abnormal location of where cells of the uterine lining can sometimes migrate to

86
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Swelling of these cells of uterine lining in response to hormone stimulation

87
Q

What is menopause?

A

Cessation of ovulation and menstruation

88
Q

What are estrous cycles? (3)

A
  1. The endometrium is reabsorbed by the uterus
  2. Sexual receptivity is limited to a “heat” period called estrus
  3. The length and frequency of estrous cycles vary from species to species
89
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Process by which the resulting zygote begins to divide by mitosis

90
Q

What is conception?

A

Fertilization of an egg by a sperm

91
Q

What is a blastocyst>

A

A ball of cells with a central cavity

92
Q

What does the division of cells give rise to?

A

Gives rise to blastocysts

93
Q

What are the 4 phases of the sexual response cycle?

A
  1. excitement
  2. plateau
  3. orgasm
  4. resolution
94
Q

What is vasocongestion?

A

Filling of tissue with blood

95
Q

What is myotonia?

A

Increased muscle tension

96
Q

What are the steps of a human zygote? (5)

A
  1. ovulation
  2. fertilization
  3. cleavage
  4. cleavage continues
  5. implantation
97
Q

What is pregnancy or gestation?

A

Condition of carrying one or more embryos in the uterus

98
Q

What happens in the first trimester? (4)

A
  • First 2-4 weeks, embryo obtains nutrients from endometrium
  • Placenta is formed
  • Development of body organs
  • Embryo develops into a fetus
99
Q

What is the trophoblast?

A

Outer layer of the blastocyst and eventually forms the placenta

100
Q

What is organogenesis?

A

Development of body organs

101
Q

What is a fetus

A

A developed embryo with all the major structures

102
Q

What are some changes in the mother? (5)

A
  1. Mucus plug to protect against infection
  2. Growth of the placenta and uterus
  3. Cessation of ovulation and the menstrual cycle
  4. Breast enlargement
  5. Nausea is also very common
103
Q

What happens during the second trimester? (3)

A
  1. The fetus grows and is very active
  2. The mother may feel fetal movements
  3. The uterus grows enough for the pregnancy to become obvious
104
Q

What happens during the 3rd trimester? (2)

A
  1. Fetus grows and fill the space with embryonic membranes
  2. Childbirth happens with push of both the fetus and placenta
105
Q

What are the 3 stages of labor?

A
  1. Thinning and opening of the cervix, or dilation
  2. Expulsion or delivery of the baby
  3. Delivery of the placenta
106
Q

What is contraception?

A

Deliberate prevention of pregnancy

107
Q

What are the 3 methods of contraception?

A
  1. Preventing release of eggs and sperm
  2. Keeping sperm and egg apart
  3. Preventing implantation of an embryo
108
Q

What is the rhythm method or natural family planning?

A

Refraining from intercourse when conception is most likely; pregnancy rate of 10-20%

109
Q

What is coitus interruptus?

A

Withdrawal of the penis before ejaculation

110
Q

What is the barrier method?

A

Covering of the genitals before intercourse

111
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

Sterilization that ties off the vas deferens

112
Q

What is tubal ligation?

A

Sterilization that ties off the oviducts of females

113
Q

What happens during In vitro fertilization (IVF)?

A

Mixes eggs with sperm in culture dishes and returns the embryo to the uterus at the eight-cell stage

114
Q

What are two invasive techniques that obtain amniotic fluid or fetal cells for genetic analysis?

A
  • Amniocentesis
  • Chorionic villus
115
Q

What are two female contraceptions for birth control?

A
  1. Intrauterine devices (IUDs)
  2. Birth control pills

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