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Biology > Chapter 41 Animal Nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 41 Animal Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What do herbivores mainly eat?

A

Eat mainly plants and algae

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2
Q

What do carnivores mainly eat?

A

Eat other animals

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3
Q

What do omnivores mainly eat?

A

Regularly eat animals as well as plants or algae

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4
Q

What must an animal’s diet provide? (3)

A

Must provide:

  • chemical energy for cellular processes
  • Organic building blocks for macromolecules
  • Essential nutrients
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5
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

Materials that an animal can’t assemble from simpler organic molecules

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6
Q

What are the 4 classes of the essential nutrients?

A
  • essential amino acids
  • essential fatty acids
  • vitamins
  • minerals
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7
Q

What is balanced food?

A

Food that has all 4 essential nutrients

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8
Q

How many amino acids do animals require?

A

20 amino acids

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9
Q

What are the 3 complete proteins that contain all the essential amino acids?

A
  • meat
  • eggs
  • cheese
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10
Q

What is incomplete protein?

A

Proteins that do not contain all essential amino acids

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11
Q

What should individuals that only consume plant proteins do?

A

They should consume specific plant combinations to get all the essential amino acids

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12
Q

What must essential fatty acids be obtained from?

A

Must be obtained from the diet, and include certain unsaturated fatty acids

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of fatty acids?

A
  • unsaturated fatty acid (good fat)
  • saturated fatty acid (bad fat)
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14
Q

What is the chemical structure of fatty acids?

A

They have one or more double bonds

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15
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic molecules required in the diet in very small amounts

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16
Q

How many vitamins are essential for humans? What are the two categories of vitamins?

A

13 vitamins

Categories:
- Fat soluble
- Water soluble

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17
Q

Which vitamins are water soluble?

A

Vitamin B complex and Vitamin C

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18
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble? (4)

A
  • Vitamin A
  • Vitamin D
  • Vitamin E
  • Vitamin K
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19
Q

What are minerals?

A

Simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts

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20
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

Failure to obtain adequate nutrition

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21
Q

What can deficiencies in essential nutrients causes? (3)

A

Can cause:
- deformities
- disease
- death

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22
Q

How does undernutrition happen?

A

When a diet doesn’t provide enough chemical energy

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23
Q

What are the 5 consequences of an undernourished individual?

A
  • Use up stored fat and carbohydrates
  • Break down its own proteins
  • Lose muscle mass
  • Suffer protein deficiency of the brain
  • Die or suffer irreversible damage
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24
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Study of human health and disease in populations

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25
Q

A deficiency in folic acid in pregnant mothers caused what?

A

Caused neural tube defects

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26
Q

What are the 4 stages of food processing?

A
  • Ingestion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Elimination
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27
Q

What is ingestion?

A

The act of eating or feeding

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28
Q

What are suspension feeders?

A

Aquatic animals that sift small food particles from the water

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29
Q

What are substrate feeders?

A

Animals that live in or on their food source

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30
Q

What do fluid feeders do?

A

They suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host

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31
Q

What do bulk feeders do?

A

Bulk feeders eat relatively large pieces of food

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32
Q

What is digestion?

A

Process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb

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33
Q

What does mechnical digestion do?

A

Increases the surface area of food

also known as chewing

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34
Q

What does chemical digestion do?

A

Splits food into small molecules that can pass thru molecules ;

used to build larger molecules

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35
Q

What is the process of enzymatic hydrolysis?

A

The splitting of bonds in molecules with the addition of water

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36
Q

What is absorption?

A

Uptake of nutrients by body cells

37
Q

What is elimination?

A

The passage of undigested material out of the digestive system

38
Q

What does the digestive compartments help reduce the risk of what?

A

Reduces the risk of an animal digesting its own cells and tissues

39
Q

What is intracellular digestion?

A

Food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis

or

Food vacuoles are fused with lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzomes

40
Q

What is extracellular digestion?

A

The breakdown of food particles outside of the animal’s body.

41
Q

What do animals with a simple body plan have?

A

Gastrovascular cavity

42
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

Digestive tube with two openings, mouth and anus

43
Q

What does the mammalian digestive system consist of?

A

Alimentary canal and accessory glands that secrete digestive juices thru ducts

44
Q

What are the mammalian accessory glands? (4)

A
  • salivary glands
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • gallbladder
45
Q

What is the peristalsis?

A

Rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal; pushes food along

46
Q

What are sphincters?

A

Valves that regulate the movement of material between compartments

47
Q

What is the oral cavity?

A

Location of where the first stage of digestion is mechanical

48
Q

What does salivary glands do?

A

Deliver saliva to lubricate food

49
Q

What does salivary amylase do?

A

Initiates breakdown of glucose polymers

50
Q

What is mucus?

A

Viscous mixture of water, salts, cells, and glycoproteins

51
Q

What is bolus?

A

Food that shaped into a round mass by the tongue

52
Q

What is pharynx?

A

Also known as the throat, is the junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea

53
Q

What does the esophagus do?

A

Also known as food pipe, connects to the stomach

54
Q

What does tongue do?

A
  • shapes food into bolus
  • helps with swallowing
55
Q

What are the steps that happen b/w the trachea and esophagus? (3)

A
  1. Esophagus conducts food from pharynx to the stomach via peristalsis
  2. Swallowing the food causes for the epiglottis to block entry of the trachea (trachea goes to lung).
  3. With the trahea blocked, the food is able to properly go down the esophagus to the stomach
56
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

Stores food and begins digestion of proteins

57
Q

What does stomach secrete? What does this secretion do?

A

Secretes gastric juices, which converts a meal into chyme

58
Q

What is gastric juice made up of?

A

Made up of hydrochloric acid and pepsin

59
Q

What is pepsin?

A

A protease, protein-digesting enzyme, that cleaves proteins into smaller peptides

60
Q

What is pepsinogen?

A

An inactive form of pepsin that becomes activated when mixed with hydrochloric acid

61
Q

Where does most digestion and absorption occur in the body

A

Most digestion and absorption occurs at the small intestine

62
Q

What are the steps in the production of gastric juices? (3)

A
  1. Pepsinogen and HCI secreted into lumen
  2. HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin
  3. Pepsin activates more pepsinogen starting a chain reaction
63
Q

What is the longest compartment of the alimentary canal?

A

Small intestine

64
Q

What is duodenum do?

A

Location of where chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and the small intestine itself

65
Q

What does pancreas produce?

A

produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin that are activated in the lumen of the duodenum

66
Q

What does the pancreatic solution do to the chyme?

A

It neutralizes the acidic chyme

67
Q

What does bile do?

A

Aid in digestion and absorption of fats

68
Q

Where is bile made and stored?

A

Made in liver

Stored in gallbladder

69
Q

What are the 3 portions of the small intestine?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
70
Q

What are the lacteals?

A

Lymphatic vessels in each villus?

71
Q

What does microvilli help with in the small intestine?

A
  • Greatly increases the rate of nutrient absorption by creating a bush border
72
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein do?

A

Carries nutrient rich blood from the capillaries of villi to liver to heart

73
Q

What are the functions of the liver? (3)

A
  • Regulate nutrient distribution
  • Interconverts organic molecules
  • Detoxifies organic molecules
74
Q

What are chylomicrons?

A

Water soluble components that’s formed from proteins, cholesterol, phospholipids, and fatty acids

75
Q

What does cecum aid in?

A

Fermentation of plant material and connects where small and large intestines meet

76
Q

Where are feces stored?

A

Stored in the rectum until it’s released via the anus

77
Q

What is dentition?

A

Anima’s assortment of teeth

  • an example of structural variation reflecting diet
78
Q

Stomach and intestinal adaptations for carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores

A
  • Carnivores have bigger and more expanded stomachs
  • Herbivores and omnivores have longer alimentary canals for vegetation digestion
79
Q

How does endocrine and enteric division of nervous system help with digestion?

A

Endocrine: Regulates digestion by releasing and transporting hormones

Enteric Division: Regulates digestive processes

80
Q

What facilitates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose?

A

Hormones insulin and glucagon

81
Q

What is the site for glucose homeostasis?

A

Liver

82
Q

How is the synthesis of glycogen triggered?

A

After eating a carbohydrate rich meal that increases insulin levels?

83
Q

What stimulates glycogen breakdown and release of glucose?

A

Low blood sugar that causes glucagon to initiate the first breakdown of glycogen

84
Q

What do alpha cells make?

What do beta cells make?

A

Alpha cells - Glucagon

Beta cells - Insulin

85
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

A diseases caused by deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target tissues

86
Q

Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetes

A

Type 1: Autoimmune disorder where immune system destroys beta cells (lower insulin) –> Appears during childhood

Type 2: Cells do not respond normally to insulin (high glucose levels) –> Appears after age 40 but can appear earlier; increased body weight and lack of exercise

87
Q

What is Ghrelin?

A

Hormone secreted by the stomach wall, triggers feelings of hunger before meals

88
Q

What is Insulin and PYY?

A

hormone secreted by the small intestine after meals, both suppress appetite

89
Q

What is leptin? (3)

A
  • produced by adipose (fat) tissue
  • also suppresses appetite
  • plays a role in regulating body fat levels

Biology (34 decks)

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