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Biology > Chapter 45 Hormones and Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 45 Hormones and Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical signals that are secreted into circulatory system; and communicates regulatory messages within the body.

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2
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

This is the system where there is ductless glands

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3
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands that have ducts

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4
Q

Where do hormones in the endocrine system go?

A

Goes to the bloodstream

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5
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

Chemical signaling by hormones

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6
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

Network of specialized cells—neurons—that transmit signals along dedicated pathways

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7
Q

What are the two criteria for signals being transmitted b/w animal cells?

A
  • type of secreting cell
  • route taken by the signal in reaching its target
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8
Q

What are the 5 types of intercellular signaling?

A
  1. endocrine signaling
  2. paracrine signaling
  3. autocrine signaling
  4. synaptic signaling
  5. neuroendocrine signaling
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9
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A

Hormones are secreted into extracellular fluids by the endocrine cells via the bloodstream

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10
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine signaling? (3)

A
  1. maintains homeostasis
  2. mediates responses to stimuli
  3. regulates growth and development
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11
Q

What are local regulators?

A

Molecules that act over short distances, reaching target cells solely by diffusion

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12
Q

What happens during paracrine signaling?

A

Target cells lie near the secreting cells

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13
Q

What happens during autocrine signaling?

A

Target cells is also the secreting cell

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14
Q

What are synapses?

A

Neurons that form specialized junctions with target cells

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15
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Molecules that diffuse short distances and bind to receptors on target cells

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16
Q

What are neurohormones?

A

Molecules that travel to target cells via the bloodstream during neuroendocrine signaling.

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17
Q

What secretes neurohormones?

A

Neurosecretory cells

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18
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

Local regulators that function in reproduction, immune system, and blood clotting.

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19
Q

What does paracrine and autocrine signaling have a role in? (3)

A
  • blood pressure regulation
  • nervous system function
  • reproduction
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20
Q

What are pheromones?

A

Chemicals that are released into the environment for communication

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21
Q

What are the functions of pheromones? (4)

A
  1. marking trails for food
  2. defining territories
  3. warning of predators
  4. attracting potential mates
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22
Q

What are the 3 types of local regulators?

A
  • modified fatty acids
  • polypeptides
  • gases
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23
Q

What is nitric oxide?

A

Gas that functions in the body as both a local regulator and a neurotransmitter

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24
Q

What happens if oxygen levels in blood decrease?

A

Nitrix oxide activates an enzyme that results in vasodilation, increasing blood flow to tissues

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25
Q

What are the 3 types of hormones?

A
  • polypeptides
  • steroids
  • amines
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26
Q

Which hormones are water-soluble? Which hormones are lipid/fat-soluble?

A

Water-soluble: Polypeptides and amines

Lipid/fat-soluble: Steroid and other nonpolar hormones

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27
Q

What is an example of water-soluble polypeptide?

A

Insulin

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28
Q

What is an example of water soluble amine?

A

Epinephrine

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29
Q

What is an example of a lipid-soluble steroid?

A

cortisol

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30
Q

What is an example of a lipid soluble amine?

A

Thyroxine

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31
Q

What is the cellular response pathway for water soluble hormones?

A
  1. secreted by exocytosis,
  2. travel freely in the bloodstream,
  3. bind to cell-surface receptors
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32
Q

What is the cellular response pathway for lipid-soluble hormones?

A
  1. Diffuses across cell membranes
  2. travel in bloodstream bound to transport proteins
  3. Diffuses into the membrane of target cells where they’ll bind to the receptors
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33
Q

What does signal transduction lead to? (3)

A
  • Responses in the cytoskeleton
  • Enzyme activation
  • change in gene expression
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34
Q

What is does epinephrine have a role in?

A

In mediating the body’s response to short term stress

35
Q

What does epinephrine help to trigger?

A

Binds to receptors on plasma membrane of liver cells

Leads to release of messenger molecules that activates enzymes that releases glucose into bloodstream

36
Q

What does a response to a lipid soluble hormone usually result in?

A

Usually result in a change in gene expression

37
Q

What is the pathway for lipid soluble hormones?

A

Steroid hormone binds to cytosolic receptor –> Hormone receptor complex forms that moves into nucleus

Receptor part of this complex acts as a transcriptional regulator of specific target cells

38
Q

What are the different effects the same hormone can have on a target cell?

A
  • different receptors for the hormone
  • different signal transduction pathways
39
Q

What is an example of the multiple effects of hormones?

A

Hormone epinephrine can increase blood flow to major skeletal muscles, but decrease blood flow to the digestive tract

40
Q

What are some examples of endocrine glands? (4)

A
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid gland
  • testes
  • ovaries
41
Q

What is an example of an exocrine gland?

A

Salivary gland

42
Q

What happens in a simple hormone pathway? (3)

A

1 Hormones are released from an endocrine cell
2. Travels throughout the bloodstream
3. Interacts with the specific receptors w/in target cell to cause a physiological response

43
Q

What is an example of a pathway response of a simple neuroendocrine pathway? (4)

A
  1. Suckling of an infant stimulates signals in the nervous systems
  2. This suckling signals reach the hypothalamus
  3. This triggers the release of oxytocin, from posterior pituitary gland
  4. Mammary glands secrete milk
44
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

Inhibits a response by reducing the initial stimulus, thus preventing excessive pathway activity

45
Q

What is a positive feedback loop?

A

Reinforces a stimulus to produce an even greater response

46
Q

What is an example of positive feedback loop?

A

The stimulation of oxytocin for release of breastmilk or muscle contraction during childbirth

47
Q

What does the endocrine pathway have a role in for invertebrates?

A

Have a role in the molting of their larva

48
Q

What happens in the molting of the larva for invertebrates?

A
  1. Neurosecretory cells in the larval brain produces PTTH
  2. Produced in the prothoracic gland, PTTH directs the release of the ecdysteroid
  3. Ecdysteroid triggers the formation of the molt and metamorphosis
49
Q

What does the hypothalamus do? (2)

A
  • receives information from the nervous system
  • initiates responses through the endocrine system
50
Q

What is the pituitary gland composed of?

A

Composed of the posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary gland; attached to hypothalamus

51
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland do?

A

Stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus

52
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland do?

A

Makes and releases hormones under regulation of the hypothalamus

  • also inhibits hormones secreted by the hypothalamus
53
Q

How do the posterior pituitary hormones travel?

A

Via neurons

54
Q

How do the anterior pituitary hormones travel?

A

Via the capillaries

55
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

Anterior pituitary hormones in hormone cascade pathways

56
Q

What makes up a hormone cascade pathway? (3)

A
  • hormones from hypothalamus
  • hormones from anterior pituitary gland
  • target endocrine gland
57
Q

What is endemic goiter (hypothyroidism)?

A

Enlargement of thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency

58
Q

What are symptoms of hypothyroidism? (3)

A

Weight gain, lethargy, cold intolerance

59
Q

What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism? (5)

A

High temperature, sweating, weight loss, irritability, and high blood pressure

60
Q

What is an example of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves’ disease

61
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone do?

A

Increases the level of calcium in the blood

  • Releases calcium from bone and reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys
62
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Decreases the level of calcium in the blood

-Stimulates calcium deposition in bones and secretion by kidneys

63
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

64
Q

The adrenal medulla has to do with sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic –> flight or fight

65
Q

What are the 3 functions of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A
  • trigger release of glucose and fatty acids into blood
  • increase oxygen delivery to body cells
  • direct blood toward heart, brain, and skeletal muscles; direct blood away from skin, digestive system, and kidneys
66
Q

What are the two types of corticosteroids that humans produce?

A
  • glucocorticoids
  • mineralocorticoids
67
Q

What are glucocorticoids?

A

Corticosteroids that influence glucose metabolism and the immune system

  • example: cortisol
68
Q

What are mineralcorticods?

A

Corticosteroids that affect salt and water balance.

  • example: Aldosterone
69
Q

What does the testes mainly secrete? What does it do?

A
  • Androgens and testosterone
  • stimulate development and maintenance of the male reproductive system
70
Q

What hormones are secreted by the ovaries?

A

Estrogen (estradiol) and progesterone (progestins)

71
Q

What controls the synthesis of the sex hormones?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

72
Q

What is the function of estrogen?

A

responsible for maintenance of the female reproductive system and the development of female secondary sex characteristics

73
Q

What is the function of progesterone?

A

primarily involved in preparing and maintaining the uterus for pregnancy

74
Q

What is diethylstilbestrol (DES)?

A

A synthetic estrogen that’s an endocrine disruptor that interrupts the normal function of a hormone pathway of estrogen

75
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Secretes melatonin

76
Q

What are some functions of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)? (2)

A
  • Regulates skin color in amphibians, fish, and reptiles
  • Plays a role in hunger and metabolism along with coloration in mammals
77
Q

What hormones are in the hypothalamus/posterior pituitary gland? (2)

A
  1. oxytocin: stimulates contraction of muscles during childbirth
  2. Vasopressin/ADH: retention of water for kidneys
78
Q

What hormones are secreted from the anterior pituitary gland? (6)

A
  1. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing hormone (LH): stimulates ovaries and testes
  2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Stimulates thyroid gland
  3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): stimulates adrenal cortex
  4. Prolactin: Stimulates mammary gland cells
  5. Growth Hormone (GH): Stimulates growth and metabolic functions
79
Q

What does hormones does the thyroid gland release? (2)

A
  • thyroxine hormone (T3 and T4): stimulates and maintains metabolic processes
  • Calcitonin: lowers blood calcium levels
80
Q

What hormones are in the adrenal medulla? (2)

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

81
Q

What hormones are in the adrenal cortex? (2)

A
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Mineralocorticoids
82
Q

What hormones are in the pancreas? (2)

A
  • insulin: lowers blood glucose levels
  • Glucagon: Raises blood glucose levels
83
Q

What are the steps of the thyroid regulation? (4)

A
  1. If thyroid hormone level drops in blood, hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).
  2. TRH stimulates for the anterior pituitary gland to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  3. TSH stimulates the release of the thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland.
  4. Thyroid hormone increases thyroid levels which represses TRH and TSH

Biology (33 decks)

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