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Biology > Chapter 30 Plant Diversity 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 30 Plant Diversity 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a seed?

A

Consists of an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

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2
Q

What do all seeded plants have? (4 things)

A
  • Reduced gametophytes
  • Heterospory
  • Ovules
  • Pollen
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3
Q

What is reduced gametophytes?

A

Development within the walls of spores that are retained within tissues of the parent sporophyte

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4
Q

What is heterospory?

A

It is the rule among seed plants: modern seed plants are heterosporous but ancestors of seed plants are homosporous

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5
Q

What does megasporangia and microsporangia produce?

A

Megasporangia -> produces megaspores -> produces female gametophytes

Microsporangia -> Produces microspores -> Produces male gametophytes

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6
Q

What does the ovule consist of?

A

Consists of megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments

  • integuments are a protective layer
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7
Q

What is the difference b/w gymnosperm and angiosperm in terms of integuments?

A

Gymnosperm: Has one integument

Angiosperm: Has two integuments

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8
Q

What are pollen grains?

A

It contains the male gametophytes and is developed from microspores

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9
Q

What is pollination?

A

Transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules

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10
Q

What are some advantages of seeds over spores?

A
  • Remains dormant until there’s favorable conditions
  • Seeds have a supply of stored food
  • May be transported long distance by wind or animals
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11
Q

What are gymnosperms?

A

Naked seeds typically found on cones, i.e., conifers

  • seeds are exposed on sporophylls
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12
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

Seeds found in fruit, also known as mature ovaries

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13
Q

What are 3 key features of Gymnosperm life cycle?

A
  • miniaturization of their gametophytes
  • development of seeds from fertilized ovules
  • transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen
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14
Q

When did gymnosperm appear?

A

During the Mesozoic era cause they thrived in drier conditions

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15
Q

What does a seed develop from?

A

Develops from a whole ovule

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16
Q

What are the 4 types of gymnosperm phyla?

A
  • Cycadophyta
  • Ginkgophyta
  • Gnetophyta
  • Coniferophyta
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17
Q

What are 3 things of the Cycadophyta?

A
  • large cones and palmlike leaves
  • flagellated sperm
  • surviving species are endangered
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18
Q

What are 3 things to remember for Ginkgophyta?

A
  • consists of a single living species, Ginkgo Biloba
  • Like the Cycads, this group also has flagellated sperm
  • Has a high tolerance to air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree
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19
Q

What are 2 things to remember for Gnetophyta?

A
  • Has 3 genera: Gnetum, Ephedra, and Welwitschia
  • Species vary in appearance, and some live in tropical areas while other live in deserts.
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20
Q

What are 2 things to remember for Coniferophyta?

A
  • Largest of the gymnosperm phyla
  • Most conifers are evergreen and can carry out photosynthesis year round
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21
Q

What is the most widespread and diverse of all the plants?

A

Angiosperm

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22
Q

What are the 2 key adaptations of angiosperms?

A
  • flowers
  • fruit
23
Q

What is a flower?

A

Angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction, i.e., pollination

24
Q

What are the 4 organs of a flower?

A
  • sepals
  • petals
  • stamens
  • carpels
25
Q

What are the 5 structures of a flower?

A
  • filament
  • anther
  • ovary
  • style
  • stigma
26
Q

What does the sepal do?

A

encloses the flower

27
Q

What does the petals do?

A

are brightly colored and attracts the pollinators

28
Q

What do the stamen do?

A

Produce pollen

29
Q

What does the carpels do?

A

Produce ovules

30
Q

What is a filament?

A

A stalk in the stamen

31
Q

What is an anther?

A

A sac where pollen is produced in the filament in the stamen

32
Q

What is an ovary?

A

The base of the carpel that covers the ovules

33
Q

What is a style?

A

A structure that leads up to all 4 organs

34
Q

What is a stigma?

A

A structure where pollen is received

35
Q

Difference b/w complete and incomplete flowers?

A

Flowers has all 4 organs vs Flower is missing one or more organs

36
Q

Difference between radial and bilateral symmetry?

A

Imaginary lines in a flower that goes thru the central axis and divides into two equal parts vs a singular imaginary line that divides that flower into two equal parts

37
Q

What is a fruit?

A

Angiosperm formed when the ovary wall thickens and matures

38
Q

What are 3 things to remember about fruit?

A
  • can be fleshy or dry
  • can be dispersed via water, wind, or animals
  • protects seeds and aid in dispersal
39
Q

What is the breakdown of the angiosperm life cycle?

A
  1. The sporophyte has both male and female gametophytes. Male gametophyte is in the pollen grain while the female gametophyte is in the ovule at base of stigma.
  2. Most of the flowers have a mechanism that allows for cross-pollination b/w different plants of the same species
  3. A pollen grain lands on a stigma, germinates it, and the pollen tube of the male gametophyte goes down to the ovary.
  4. One sperm fertilizes the eggs while the other sperm combines with 2 nuclei in the central cell to initiate the development of food-storing endosperm.
40
Q

What is double fertilization?

A

Occurs when the pollen tube discharges two sperms into the female gametophyte within an ovule

41
Q

What is a micropyle?

A

Ovule is entered by a pore

42
Q

What is a cotyledon?

A

A root and two seeds in the embryo within a seed

43
Q

When did angiosperm and gymnosperms diverge?

A

About 305 MYA

44
Q

How does bilateral symmetry affect angiosperms?

A

By affecting the movement of pollinators and reducing gene flow in diverging populations

  • Gives rise to increased rates of speciation
45
Q

What is the breakdown of the evolutionary history of angiosperms (4 things)?

A
  • Monocots
  • Eudicot
  • Basal angiosperms
  • Magnoliids
46
Q

What are some characteristics of Monocots? (6 things)

A
  • Embryos: one cotyledon
  • Leaf venation: Veins usually parallel
  • Stems: Vascular tissue scattered
  • Roots: Root system usually fibrous (no main root)
  • Pollen: Pollen grain with one opening
  • Flowers: Floral organs usually in multiples of 3
47
Q

What are some characteristics of eudicots?

A
  • Embryos: two cotyledon
  • Leaf venation: Veins usually netlike
  • Stems: Vascular tissue arranged in a ring
  • Roots: Root system has a main root (taproot)
  • Pollen: Pollen grain with 3 opening
  • Flowers: Floral organs usually in multiples of4 or 5
48
Q

What are 3 things to remember about basal angiosperms?

A
  • Amborella trichopoda
  • water lilies
  • star anise
49
Q

What are 4 things to remember about magnoliids?

A
  • closely related to monocots and eudicots
  • Magnolias
  • Laurels
  • Black Pepper Plants
50
Q

What are 4 things to remember about monocots?

A
  • More than 1/4 of angiosperm are monocots
  • Orchids
  • Grasses
  • Palms
51
Q

What are 3 things to remember about eudicots?

A
  • More than 2/3 of angiosperm are eudicots
  • Large legume family
  • Rose family
52
Q

What are seed plants key sources of?

A
  • Food
  • Fuel
  • Wood products
  • medicine
53
Q

What are the 6 crops that yield 80% of our calories?

A
  • wheat
  • rice
  • maize
  • potatoes
  • sweet potatoes
  • cassava
54
Q

What are some threats to plant diversity?

A

Destruction of habitat leads to a reduction in plant population

which further leads to a reduction of animal species and atmospheric CO2 absorption.

Biology (34 decks)

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