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Biology > Chp 34 Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates > Flashcards

Chp 34 Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What are vertebrates?

A

Animals that have a backbone (vertebrae)

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2
Q

When did vertebrates colonize land?

A

365 MYA around the Cambrian period

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3
Q

What animals did vertebrates give rise to?

A
  • amphibians
  • reptiles (including birds)
  • mammals
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4
Q

How many vertebrate species are there?

A

More than 57,000 species

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5
Q

What group comprise of all vertebrates and two invertebrates?

A

Chordates

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6
Q

What are chordates (phylum Chordata)?

A

Bilaterian animals that belong to the clade of animals known as Deuterostomia

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7
Q

What two groups of invertebrates are apart of Chordates?

A
  • Urochordates
  • Cephalochordates
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8
Q

What are the 4 key characteristics of chordates?

A
  • Have a notochord
  • dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  • Pharyngeal slits or clefts
  • Muscular, post-anal tail
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9
Q

What is special about chordates characteristics

A
  • Only some species show these characteristics during embryonic development
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10
Q

What is the notochord?

A

Longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord

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11
Q

What does the notochord provide?

A

Provides skeletal support throughout the length of a chordate

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12
Q

What is the dorsal, hollow nerve cord?

A

Developed from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord

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13
Q

What does the nerve cord develop into?

A

Developes into the central nervoue system: brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

What are pharyngeal slits/clefts?

A

Grooves in the pharynx that develops into slits that open to the outside of the body

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15
Q

What are the functions of the pharyngeal slits? (3)

A
  • Suspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate chordates
  • Gas exchange in vertebrates (except vertebrates with limbs, the tetrapods)
  • Develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in tetrapods
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16
Q

What is the muscular, post-anal tail?

A

A tail posterior to the anus in chordates.

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17
Q

What are lancelets?

A

Invertebrates that are marine suspension feeders that retain characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults

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18
Q

What phylum are lancelets in?

A

Cephalochordata; named for their bladelike shape

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19
Q

What are tunicates?

A

Invertebrates that most resemble chordates during their larval stage (only last a few minutes)

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20
Q

What phylum are tunicates apart of?

A

Urochordata

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21
Q

Are tunicates more closely related to other chordates compared to lancelets?

A

Yes

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22
Q

What is special about turnicates?

A

Highly derived, and has fewer Hox genes than other vertebrates

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23
Q

What is significant about the Hox gene in early chordate evolution?

A
  • Same Hox genes that organize the vertebrate brain are expressed in the lancelet’s simple nerve cord tip
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24
Q

What does the sequencing of tunicate genome indicates?

A
  • Genes associated with the heart and thyroid are common to all chordates
  • Genes associated with transmission of nerve impulses are unique to vertebrates
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25
Q

How are vertebrates and chordates related?

A
  • Vertebrates are chordates that are related
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26
Q

What does the skeletal system and complex nervous system allow for vertebrates to do?

A
  • Capture food
  • Evade predators
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27
Q

How many Hox genes does vertebrates have compared to lancelets and tunicates?

A

Vertebrates: Have 2 or more sets of Hox genes

Lancelets & Tunicates: Have one cluster of Hox genes

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28
Q

What are the following derived characteristics of Vertebrates? (3)

A
  • Vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord
  • An elaborate skull
  • Fin rays, in the aquatic forms
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29
Q

What are the only two lineages of jawless vertebrates that are here today?

A
  • Hagfishes
  • Lampreys

Members of these groups also lacked a backbone

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30
Q

What does fossil evidence of the earliest vertebrates show?

A
  • Lacked a jaw
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31
Q

What is the clade of living jawless vertebrates (hagfishes and lampreys)?

A

Cyclostomes

32
Q

What is the clade of vertebrates with jaws?

A

Gnathostomes

33
Q

What are hagfishes? (3)

A

Jawless vertebrates that have a cartilaginous skull, reduced vertebrae, and a flexible rod of cartilage derived from the notochord

34
Q

What are some characteristics of hagfishes? (6)

A
  • small brain
  • small eyes
  • small ears
  • tooth like formations
  • Are marine
  • Bottom dwelling scavengers
35
Q

What are lampreys (Petromyzontida)?

A

Parasites that feed by clamping their mouth onto a live fish

36
Q

What are some characteristics of lampreys? (2)

A
  • Inhabit various maine and freshwater habitats
  • Have cartilaginous segments that surrounds the notochord and arching partly over the nerve cord
37
Q

What are the most primitive fossil from Cambrian explosion that shows transition to craniates?

A

Haikouella fossil that has well-formed brain, eyes, and muscular segments, but no skull or ear organs

38
Q

What are conodonts?

A
  • Earliest vertebrates in the fossil record, dating from 500 to 200 million years ago
39
Q

What did conodonts have?

A
  • Had mineralized skeletal elements in their mouth and pharynx
40
Q

Where did mineralization of bone and teeth appear?

A

Appear with the vertebrate mouthparts

41
Q

What did gnathostomes consists of? (6)

A
  • sharks and relatives
  • ray finned fishes
  • lobe finned fishes
  • amphibians
  • reptiles (including birds)
  • mammals
42
Q

What are gnathostomes named for?

A

Named for their jaws, hinged structures that, especially with help of teeth, are used to grip food items firmly and slice them

43
Q

What are placoderms?

A
  • Earliest gnathostomes in the fossil record that are an extinct lineage of armored vertebrates

appeared 440 MYA

44
Q

What are acanthodians?

A

Group of jawed vertebrates that radiated during the Silurian and Devonian periods

45
Q

What 3 lineages of jawed vertebrates can we find today?

A
  • chondrichthyans
  • ray finned fishes
  • lobe fins
46
Q

What is the chondrichthyans (chondrichthyes) skeleton composed of?

A

Skeleton is composed of primarily cartilage

47
Q

What is the largest and most diverse group of chondrichthyans? (3)

A
  • Sharks
  • Rays
  • Skates
48
Q

What are the 3 different ways shark eggs can develop?

A
  • Oviparous
  • Ovoviviparous
  • Viviparous
49
Q

What is oviparous?

A

Eggs hatch outside the mother’s body

50
Q

What is ovoviviparous?

A
  • Embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk
51
Q

What is viviparous?

A

Embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished thru a yolk sac placenta from mother’s blood

52
Q

What is cloaca?

A

Location of where reproductive tract, excretory system, and digestive tract empties into

53
Q

What percentage of sharks are threatened by overfishing?

A

95%

54
Q

What are some characteristics of sharks? (5)

A
  • Have a streamlined body/swift swimmers
  • Has short digestive tracts with a ridge called spiral valve
  • Have acute senses
  • Has the ability to detect electrical fields from nearby animals
  • Most are carnivores but can be filter feeders
55
Q

What do osteichthyans include?

A

Includes bony fishes and tetrapods

56
Q

What are fishes?

A

Aquatic osteichthyans that are vertebrates

57
Q

What do nearly all living osteichthyans have?

A

All have a bony endoskeleton

58
Q

What is the operculum?

A

A layer that protects gills when water goes over them

59
Q

What are actinopterygii?

A

Ray-finned fishes that include nearly all familiar aquatic osteichthyans

60
Q

What are the characteristics of lobe fins (Sarcopterygii)?

A
  • Have a muscular pelvic and pectoral fins that they use to swim and “walk” underwater across the substrate
61
Q

What are the 3 lineages of lobe-finned fishes that survived?

A
  • Coelacanths
  • Lungfishes
  • Tetrapods
62
Q

What are tetrapods?

A
  • A group that adapted to life on land
63
Q

What is one of the most significant events in vertebrate history?

A
  • When fins of some lobe fins evolved into limbs and feet of tetrapods
64
Q

How are tetrapods and gnathostomes related?

A

Tetrapods are gnathostomes that have limbs

65
Q

What are the 5 adaptations of tetrapods?

A
  • Four limbs, and feet with digits
  • A neck, which allows separate movement of the head
  • Fusion of the pelvic girdle to the backbone
  • The absence of gills (except some aquatic species)
  • Ears for detecting airborne sounds
66
Q

What did the Tikktaalik have? (4)

A
  • Fins, gills, lungs, and scales
  • Ribs to breathe air and support its body
  • A neck and shoulders
  • Fins with the bone pattern of a tetrapod limb
67
Q

What is a Tiktaalik?

A

An animal named a fishapod because it had both fish and tetrapod characteristics

68
Q

What are the three clades in Amphibians (class Amphibia)?

A
  • Urodela (salamanders)
  • Anura (frogs)
  • Apoda (caecilians)
69
Q

How many species make up Amphibians?

A

6,150 species

70
Q

What are salamanders (urodeles)?

A

Amphibians with tails

*some are aquatic but most live on land

71
Q

What is paedomorphosis?

A

Retention of juvenile features in sexually mature organisms, is common in aquatic species

72
Q

What are frogs?

A

Amphibians that lack tails and have powerful hind legs for locomotion on land

73
Q

What are toads?

A

Frogs with leathery skin

74
Q

What are caecilians?

A

Amphibians that are legless, nearly blind, and resemble earthworms

75
Q

What is the secondary adaptation of caecilians?

A
  • absence of legs

Biology (34 decks)

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