Chapter 26 Phylogeny

Question 1

Phylogeny

Answer 1

Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

Question 2

Discipline of Systematics

Answer 2

Classifies organisms and determine their evolutionary relationships through a computer program

Question 3

Taxonomy

Answer 3

Scientific discipline concerned with classifying their evolutionary relationships

Question 4

Who published a system of taxonomy based on resemblance?

Answer 4

Cardus Linnaeus

Question 5

Bionomical Nomenclature

Answer 5

2-part names for species and hierarchical classification

Question 6

Breakdown of bionomical nomenclature

Answer 6

• First of the name: Genus and is capitalized
• Second of the name: Species and is italicized

Question 7

Taxon

Answer 7

Taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy

Question 8

Phylogenetic Tree

Answer 8

Evolutionary history of a group of organisms that can be represented

Question 9

Sister Taxa

Answer 9

Groups that share an immediate common ancestor

Question 10

Taxonomic groups from broad to narrow

Answer 10

domain -> kingdom -> phylum -> class -> order -> family -> genus -> species

Question 11

Homologies

Answer 11

Phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry

Question 12

Morphology

Answer 12

Organisms with similar morphology or DNA sequences are more likely to be more closely related

Question 13

Homology

Answer 13

Similarity due to shared ancestry

Question 14

Analogy

Answer 14

Similarity due to convergent evolution

Question 15

Convergent evolution

Answer 15

Occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produces similar (analogous) adaptations

Question 16

Homoplasies

Answer 16

Analogous structures or molecular sequences that evolved independently

Question 17

What doesn’t the phylogenetic tree show?

Answer 17

• not phenotypic similarities
• doesn’t indicate when evolution occured or by how much
• should not be assumed that a taxon evolved from the taxon next to it

Question 18

Rooted Tree

Answer 18

Includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

Question 19

Basal Taxon

Answer 19

Diverges early in the history of a group and originate near the common ancestor

Question 20

Polytomy

Answer 20

A branch from which more than two groups emerge

Question 21

Cladistics

Answer 21

Groups of organisms by a common descent

Question 22

Clade

Answer 22

Group of species that includes an ancestral species and all to descendants

Question 23

Monophyletic Clade

Answer 23

Clade that consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants

Question 24

Paraphyletic Clade

Answer 24

Grouping of species that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all of the descendants

Question 25

Polyphyletic Clade

Answer 25

Grouping of species that includes distantly related species but doesn’t include most recent common ancestor

Question 26

Shared Ancestral Character

Answer 26

Character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon

Question 27

Shared Derived Character

Answer 27

Evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

Question 28

Outgroup

Answer 28

Species or group of species that diverged before and are closely related to the ingroup

Question 29

What are the 3 domains?

Answer 29

• eukarya
• bacteria
• archaea

Question 30

What are the 5 kingdoms?

Answer 30

• Monera (prokaryotes)
• Protists
  -Plantae
  -Fungi
  -Animalia

Question 31

What is horizontal gene transfer?

Answer 31

Movement of genes from one genome to another

Question 32

Paralogous Genes

Answer 32

As a result from gene duplication

Question 33

Orthologous Genes

Answer 33

Found in a single copy in the genome and are homologous b/w species

Question 34

Principle of Maximum Likelihood

Answer 34

States that a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events

Question 35

Maximum Parsimony

Answer 35

Assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events is the most likely