Chapter 9 bio

Question 1

Reproductive cloning tech in animals include

Answer 1

Somatic cell and nuclear transfer (SCNT)

Question 2

SCNT involves 2 diff cells

Answer 2

donated egg cell and somatic cell from another animal

Question 3

Why identical to donated?

Answer 3

They contain same nucleus and genetic material

Question 4

4 stages

Answer 4

1. Enucleated
2. Extraction
3. Insertion
4. Development

Question 5

Enucleated

Answer 5

removal of nucleus from dna from donated egg cell to produce enucleated egg cell

Question 6

extraction

Answer 6

donated somatic cell is extracted

Question 7

insertion

Answer 7

somatic cell is inserted into enucleated cell

Question 8

development

Answer 8

cell begins to devide into embryo, which is then implanted into surrogate mother

Question 9

Complications of SCNT

Answer 9

Animal suffering: can suffer from abnormalties
Human cloning: illegal, destruction of egg cells and embryos from failed attempts
premeture aging: age linked diseases

Question 10

Embryo splitting

Answer 10

-naturally occurs in the production of identical twins
-ideal splitting is between 6-8 weeks, bc cells are still totipotent and capable of developing into viable embryos

Question 11

application of embryo splitting

Answer 11

conducted with in-vitro fertalisation IVF

Question 12

Complication of embryo splitting

Answer 12

alterations of embryos: viewed as sacred, others argue that it should never be altered
Genetic diversity: decrease in genetic diversity of population = more diseases and env canges
research animals:can lead to the objectification of aniamls

Question 13

reproductive cining tech in plants include

Answer 13

plant tissue culturing, cutting, and grafting

Question 14

plant cutting

Answer 14

obtained by ctting off a fragment of a plant then placing it in right conditions to develop into another plant

Question 15

plant grafting

Answer 15

attaching stem of one plant to a stem ofanother with an already developed root system, eventually growing and fusing together

Question 16

plant culturing

Answer 16

controlled environment of a plant

Question 17

implication

Answer 17

reduction in genetic diversity and is more prone to disease and environmental chnages

Question 18

sexual reproduction

Answer 18

fusion of 2 distinct haploid gametes to produce a single diploid zygote with 2 sets of chrm - also known as fertalisation

Question 19

gene pool

Answer 19

sum of all diff genes and alleles that are present

Question 20

why sexual rep imp?

Answer 20

protects longivity of species by gaurding againts ngative env changes, more adopted to survive, and population resilience to env changes

Question 21

adv of sexual

Answer 21

• increase geentic diversity
• reduces chance of inheriting geentic disorder

Question 22

disadv of sexual

Answer 22

• cost of male progeny
  -time and energy it takes to attract
  -risks of losing offspring due to outside infleunes

Question 23

adv of asexual

Answer 23

-faster growing population
- doesnt require mating

Question 24

disadv of asexual

Answer 24

• geentic diversity is low
• may suffer due to rapid env changes

Question 25

asexual rep

Answer 25

doesnt require fusion of gamets, occurs in unicellular & simpler multicellular organisms

Question 26

most common form

Answer 26

binary fisson

Question 27

methods of AR: budding

Answer 27

groups of cells form bud & break away from og organism to form a clone

Question 28

methods of AR: fragmentation

Answer 28

a parent organism breaks into fragments, each of which may develop into individual clones

Question 29

methods of AR:vegetative propagation

Answer 29

whne a plant grows from fragments, such as root cutting or stem of its parents

Question 30

methods of AR: sporogenesis

Answer 30

spored form on the furface of an organism and are dispersed

Question 31

methods of AR: parthenogenesis

Answer 31

where an embryo can develop from a signle unfertalised gamet