Chapter 9 bio Flashcards
Reproductive cloning tech in animals include
Somatic cell and nuclear transfer (SCNT)
SCNT involves 2 diff cells
donated egg cell and somatic cell from another animal
Why identical to donated?
They contain same nucleus and genetic material
4 stages
- Enucleated
- Extraction
- Insertion
- Development
Enucleated
removal of nucleus from dna from donated egg cell to produce enucleated egg cell
extraction
donated somatic cell is extracted
insertion
somatic cell is inserted into enucleated cell
development
cell begins to devide into embryo, which is then implanted into surrogate mother
Complications of SCNT
Animal suffering: can suffer from abnormalties
Human cloning: illegal, destruction of egg cells and embryos from failed attempts
premeture aging: age linked diseases
Embryo splitting
-naturally occurs in the production of identical twins
-ideal splitting is between 6-8 weeks, bc cells are still totipotent and capable of developing into viable embryos
application of embryo splitting
conducted with in-vitro fertalisation IVF
Complication of embryo splitting
alterations of embryos: viewed as sacred, others argue that it should never be altered
Genetic diversity: decrease in genetic diversity of population = more diseases and env canges
research animals:can lead to the objectification of aniamls
reproductive cining tech in plants include
plant tissue culturing, cutting, and grafting
plant cutting
obtained by ctting off a fragment of a plant then placing it in right conditions to develop into another plant
plant grafting
attaching stem of one plant to a stem ofanother with an already developed root system, eventually growing and fusing together
plant culturing
controlled environment of a plant
implication
reduction in genetic diversity and is more prone to disease and environmental chnages
sexual reproduction
fusion of 2 distinct haploid gametes to produce a single diploid zygote with 2 sets of chrm - also known as fertalisation
gene pool
sum of all diff genes and alleles that are present
why sexual rep imp?
protects longivity of species by gaurding againts ngative env changes, more adopted to survive, and population resilience to env changes
adv of sexual
- increase geentic diversity
- reduces chance of inheriting geentic disorder
disadv of sexual
- cost of male progeny
-time and energy it takes to attract
-risks of losing offspring due to outside infleunes
adv of asexual
-faster growing population
- doesnt require mating
disadv of asexual
- geentic diversity is low
- may suffer due to rapid env changes
asexual rep
doesnt require fusion of gamets, occurs in unicellular & simpler multicellular organisms
most common form
binary fisson
methods of AR: budding
groups of cells form bud & break away from og organism to form a clone
methods of AR: fragmentation
a parent organism breaks into fragments, each of which may develop into individual clones
methods of AR:vegetative propagation
whne a plant grows from fragments, such as root cutting or stem of its parents
methods of AR: sporogenesis
spored form on the furface of an organism and are dispersed
methods of AR: parthenogenesis
where an embryo can develop from a signle unfertalised gamet
