BIOCHAP6

Question 1

equation fr cellular respiration

Answer 1

glucose (C6H12O6) + oxygen (6O2 ) > Carbon dioxide ( 6 CO2 ) + water (6 H2 O +energy (30 OR 32 ATP)

Question 2

what is aerobic cellular respiration?

Answer 2

primary method for producing energy in body, involving breakdown of glucose which is mainly found in carbohydrates and needs to breakdown glucose into ATP, a reusable for of energy

Question 3

Aerobic cellular respiration stages

Answer 3

-Glycolysis
-The Krebs cycle
-The electron transport chain

Question 4

aerobic cellular respiration stages
(1. glycolysis)

Answer 4

Glyco = sugar, lysis = breakdown

Occurs in cytosol, where glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules, 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules

Question 5

aerobic cellular respiration stages
(2. Krebs Cycle (also called citric acid cycle))

Answer 5

Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.oxygen needs to be present in the cell for the it to occur. then it Produces four CO2, two FADH2, 6NADH, and 2ATP for every 2 pyruvate molecules. then
Pyruvate joins with coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl-CoA.

Question 6

aerobic cellular respiration stages
(The electron transport chain)

Answer 6

Occurs in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondria
Energy from electrons unloaded by NADH and FADH2 to generate a proton gradient which drives significant ATP production through ATP synthase.

Question 7

Enzymes and coenzymes in cellular respiration

Answer 7

biochemical reactions in cellular respiration replies heavily on the use of enzymes and coenzymes,occuring at a fast rate. Enzymes catalyses the reactions of cellular respiration

coenzymes assist enzymes

Question 8

Anaerobic conditions

Answer 8

lack of oxygen in the environment.

Question 9

Ethanol:

Answer 9

2-carbon alcohol molecule, produced along with carbon dioxide during anaerobic fermentation

Question 10

Anaerobic fermentation

Answer 10

breakdown of glucose and ATP production via glycolysis in the absence of oxygen.

Question 11

Anaerobic fermentation in animals

Answer 11

Lactic acid fermentation occurs after glycolysis and Breaks down pyruvate into lactic acid and cycles NADH back to NAD+ for reuse in glycolysis.
Once oxygen is present, lactic acid is metabolised back into pyruvate and used for aerobic cellular respiration.

Question 12

Anaerobic fermentation in yeasts

Answer 12

Also involves glycolysis, but pyruvate is instead converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Ethanol fermentation allows the cycling of NADH back to NAD+ for continued use in glycolysis.

Question 13

Saturation point:

Answer 13

The point at which a substance cannot receive more of another substance

Question 14

End-product inhibition:

Answer 14

form of inhibition where the final product in a series of reactions inhibits an enzyme in an earlier reaction in the sequence.

Question 15

Factors affecting the rate of cellular respiration (temp and pH)

Answer 15

Cellular respiration rate and ATP production are highest when the temperature aligns with the enzyme’s optimal temperature.

Diff enzymes function optimally at different pHs.

Question 16

Factors affecting the rate of cellular respiration
(Glucose)

Answer 16

an increase of glucose will increase the rate of cellular respiration, and thereby increasing the production rate of ATP.
decrease will reduce the rate of cellular respiration, and therefore reduce the production rate of ATP.

• Increasing concentration of glucose will increase the rate to a max, The enzymes involved in cellular respiration have reached their saturation point and are now operating at max capacity.

Question 17

Factors affecting the rate of cellular respiration
(Oxygen)

Answer 17

Oxygen required in aerobic respiration for the electron transport chain, but is not an input for anaerobic fermentation.

In animals, low oxygen would induce a switch to anaerobic respiration. As oxygen levels increase, the rate of respiration would also increase and

Question 18

Factors affecting the rate of cellular respiration (Enzyme inhibition)

Answer 18

cyanide poisoning binds to the cytochrome c oxidase, in an irreversible manner, blocking the electron transport chain from occurring.
is good for regulating respiration.

Question 19

Biomass:

Answer 19

organic material, including plants, animal by-products, and biological waste material. sourced from many industries, including farming, forestry, and food manufacturing

Question 20

Biofuel:

Answer 20

fuel created from organic material known as biomass.

Question 21

What is biofuel?

Answer 21

Made from inorganic materials such as biomass that are used instead of coal, gas, or fossil fuels.

Question 22

similarities of fossil and bio feuls

Answer 22

fossil fuels r non renewable n sourced from fossilised organic matter and biofeul are renewable sourced from modern crops organic waste

fossils have high carbon emissions and bio r carbon neutral

Question 23

How are biofuels made?

Answer 23

biomass via fermentation > breaks down the starches and sugars in plants and converts that glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

The ethanol is harnessed and refined to produce the biofuel we need.

Question 24

process of how biofeul is made

Answer 24

Deconstruction: biomass breaks down to increase surface area for fermentation. then breaks down cell wall and cellulose through enzyme breakdown

Digestion by enzymes:
Broken down biomass is exposed to enzymes to break down the starch and cellulose to convert them to glucose and other sugars.

Ethanol fermentation:
Yeast is used to facilitate anaerobic fermentation of the sugars produced. ethanol is produced as a product of fermentation. Ethanol diffuses out of the yeast cells and is harnessed for biofuel.

Purification and dehydration:
Ethanol is distilled and converted into biofuel. Biofuel is then purified and ready to be used as liquid fuel

Question 25

Uses and Applications of Biofuels

Answer 25

2 types: bioethanol and biodiesel. Difference is the process of production.

• Bioethanol is from fermentation of plant sugars = fermentation of carbohydrates
• Biodiesel is the formation of fatty acidswith alcohols = breakdown of lipids and fats
• Biofuels can be used as an alternative to traditional fuels
• E10 is a blend of bioethanol (10% ethanol) with gasoline (90%) in order to cut down on carbon monoxide

Question 26

conversion of biomass into biofeul for use in transport

Answer 26

crops absorbs CO2 via photosynthesis - crop harvested for biomass - biomass converted into biofeul via fermentation - liquid biofeul for transport

Question 27

strengths of implication of biofeuls

Answer 27

climate change: substituting fossil feuls with biofeuls may help to reduce carbon emissions and climate change

energy security: as our energy demands continue to increase, we need to consider alternative to fossil feuls

localised energy: biofeuls reduce international reliance on the imports and exports of fossil feuls, decentralising control over feul supplies for community based control over energy prod, increased job opp

Question 28

weaknesses of implication of biofeuls

Answer 28

food vs fossil: using viable cropland for harvesting biomass can decrease necessary agriculture output with growing food demand

cost and difficulty of uptake: costly to produce and may not be compatible with current vehicles

second order env impacts: increased nitrous oxide emmisions, deforestation, and reduction of gentic diversity of crop species