BIOCHAP7C

Question 1

Phagocyte:

Answer 1

leukocytes responsible for endocytosis and destruction of pathogens and foreign material

Question 2

Neutrophil:

Answer 2

common type of leukocyte in body, engages in phagocytosis

Question 3

Antigen presenting cell:

Answer 3

subgroup of phagocytosis, displaying antigens from consumed pathogens and interact with adaptive immune system

Question 4

Cytokine:

Answer 4

signaling molecule aiding in communication between immune cells and protects against pathogen

Question 5

Histamine:

Answer 5

released by mast cells that plays a key role in inflammation

Question 6

Mast cells:

Answer 6

type of leukocyte responsible for releasing histamine during allergic and inflammatory responses.

Question 7

Cellular components of the second line of defense

Answer 7

Consume and destroy foreign materials through engulfment via endocytosis. One consumed, lysosomes destroy it

Question 8

3 main phagocytosis:

Answer 8

Neutrophil

Macrophage: leukocyte found throughout the body that engages in phagocytosis and antigen presentation

Dendritic cells: leukocyte that engages in phagocytosis and antigen presentation

Question 9

Process of phagocytosis and antigen presentation

Answer 9

1. Phagocytosis of pathogen
2. Fusion with lysosome
3. Enzymes start to degrade pathogen
4. Pathogen broken down to small fragments
5. Fragments of antigen presented on cell surface

Question 10

Natural killer (NK) cells

Answer 10

large granulated cells that target both abnormal and infected cells

Question 11

NK CELLS
Achieved through 2 receptors

Answer 11

killer inhibitory receptor > examined surface of cells for MCH class 1 markers

Killer activation receptor > binds to molecules which appear on cells undergoing cellular stress

Question 12

NK CELLS

Presence of MCH class 1 markers may be absent due to number of different disease processes

Answer 12

due to presence of viral infection,
cancerous cells may reduce gene expressed of MHC class 1

Question 12

Mast cells and Eosinophils

Answer 12

When they detect injury they become activated and degranulate, releasing histamine

Eosinophils are large granulated cells containing toxic chemical mediators to destroy invading pathogens

Question 13

Interferons

Answer 13

Released when cell is infected with virus, prevents spreading of virus between cells

Question 14

Non-cellular components of second line of defense
(Key molecules and process)
Complement proteins

Answer 14

in presence of certain pathogen, they react with one another in a complement cascade causing opsonization, chemotaxis and lysis

Question 15

Non-cellular components of second line of defense
(Key molecules and process)
Initiation of a fever

Answer 15

Temporary increase in core body temperature as a response to a potential infection

Question 16

Steps in the inflammatory response process

Answer 16

initiation
vasodilation
migration

Question 17

Steps in the inflammatory response process
Initiation:

Answer 17

pathogens enters body to damaged cells. Macrophages in tissue becomes activation, cytokines released and cells denature, releasing histamine

Question 18

Steps in the inflammatory response process
Vasodilation:

Answer 18

Mast cells travels to nearby blood vessels and binds to specific receptors causing vasodilation, increasing blood flow to site of injury. Causes swelling, pain, heat, redness.

Question 19

Steps in the inflammatory response process
Migration:

Answer 19

increased ‘leakiness’ of blood vessels allow for phagocytes guided by cytokines and complement proteins. Complement proteins are attracted to pathogens, making it easier for the phagocytes to destroy them digestion using lysozymes.