Biology 7A Flashcards
DNA
sits in nucleus, formed by continuous pairing of base pairs, into a longer double strand nucleic chain
Nucleotide
consists of phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar
Nitrogen containing base:
adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
Gene
section of dna coding for creation of an individual polypeptide chain-acts out as a set of instructions which a cell will read to create proteins molecules for cellular functions
genome
houses all genetic info needed. each person has 2 copies of gene, one from mother and one from father
alleles
different versions of the same cell
haploid
an organism that has one set of chromosome
diploid
2 sets
telomeres
protects end of chromosome from fusing with other chromosomes
dna molecule
coiled around histone protiens
centromere
holds together 2 chromotides criticle for meiosis
sis chromatides
indentical daughter strands of a rep chromosome
homologous chromosome
pair of chromosome that carry same genes one from each parent
criteria for HC
same size&length, same centromere position and share same gene at gene loci
Anueploidy
abdnormalty, incorrect N of chromosome
Monosomy
1 missing chrom (2n-1) Turner syndrom
Trisomy
1 extra (2n+1) down syndrome
tetra
2 extra (2n+2)
polyploidy
chromosome abnormalty in which an organisism has more than 2 sets of each chrom
Meiosis
specialised form of cell devision occuring in sexually reproducing organism and is used to produce gamets
zygote
when gamets fuse together during fertalization to create 2 new copies of each chrom
meiosis devides into
4 haploid cells
process of meiosis 1
sep each Hc into diff cells
Meosis 2
sep each sis chrom into 4 cells
mitosis
cell devision resulting in the production of 2 identical copies of og cell
crossing over
proess where chrom xchange geentic material during P1, resulting in new comb of genetic info
meiosis 1
P1: nuclear membrane breaks down as chrom condence
M: HC line up on opposite sides of plate
A: hc MOVE APART TOWARDS OPPOSITE POLES OF CELL
T: chrom arrive at opposite ends of cell as nuclear membrane is cleaved
Geno
Genetic makeup of an organism such as genes that it carries
pheno
observable physicall or behavioral chracteristics of an organism
dominant geno
traits expressed when an individual has 2 diff alleles for a partclar gene
recessive
when they have 2 copies of the recessive allele
homozygous
if both allles inherited are identical
heterozygous
when an individual inherits 2 diff alleles for the same gene
complete dominance
when a dominant allele is fully expressed in a ohenotype & masks the recessive
2 other ptterns of dominance
- condominance
- incomplete domin
- sex linked geno
condominance
when both alleles from geno are fully expressed in the pheno of a hetero
incomplete dom
when neither allele is fully expressed
sex linked geno
associated with gender specific traits nd are carried on sex chromosomes, usually reffered to x linked traits
prportionate heritability
measure of how much genetic factors contribute to tge differences
epigenetics
study of how env can change the way our geenes work wo changing actual dna code
transcription
reading and copying a geen sequence which then moves out of nucleus to ribosomes for translation
translation
mrna instructs ribosomes how to build specific proties for which the dna sequence codes - helps control cell differentiation
