Chapter 11 Flashcards
Fourteen Points
A speech given by Woodrow Wilson that addressed the following points: No secret treaties between countries, freedom of the seas, no economic barriers, countries should support their colonies, and violence should be limited. It also addressed 8 points about boarder changes. Lastly, it proposed a League of Nations. “Congress rejected the 14 point plan because it would make America come into European affairs.”
League of Nations:
- An international organization that let nations settle their differences peacefully. “The League of Nations was a prelude to the new United Nations.”
- Georges Clemenceau: The French premier. “He hated the invasion of France and was determined to avenge it.”
David Llyod George:
The British Prime Minister: “He ran for office by promising to Make Germany Pay”
The Treaty of Versailles:
Established 9 new nations and set new boarders It was an agreement between the countries (Germany was forced to sign) and it formally settled the war.. “The Ottoman Empire was carved up into 5 mandates.”
Reparations:
Damages. “Germany had to pay 33 billion in damage to the Allies.”
War guilt clause
Admitting sole responsibility for the war. “The war-guilt clause on Germany humiliated them”
Henry Cabot Lodge
1.Senator who opposed the 14 point plan. “Henry Cabot Lodge wanted the right for Congress to declare war in the plan.”
nationalism
extreme pride for one’s nation
militarism
the development of military arms to use as a tool of diplomacy
Imperialism
the intention to expand one’s territory as well as military and economy
The formation of alliances
A formal agreement between countries that agrees to keep peace and help eachother out in emergencies.
Allied Powers
France, Britain, Russia (for sometime), and USA
Central Powers
Germany, Austria Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Italy (for some time before they switched over)
Why did Franz Ferdinand go to Bosnia?
1.Came to Bosnia to make peace, was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist, leads Austria Hungary to declare war.
The Archduke is assassinated. The Alliance System plays a part.
Because Austria Hungary declared war on Serbia, Russia came in, which brought everyone else in.
Who was the Archduke assisinated by?
Gavrilo Princip
Trench Warfare
- These holes in the ground that soldiers would fight in. There was disease, and vermin.
- 25 yd. With barbed wire, and pocket marks, it was dangerous.
What were some examples of opinions on war in America
- War was evil US should not engage in it, America should not send their sons, This was a family conflict.
- Strong Economic ties with the Allies, Pity for Great Britain, immigrants have ties to their country.
What was the Schlieffen Plan?
Holding against russia, combined with a quick drive through Beligium to Paris where they would defeat the french. Then Defeat Russia
As they were unable to save Belgium, what did the Allies do?
They retreated to the Marne River where they halted Germany’s attack
How did socialists view the war?
they saw the war as a capitalist and imperialist struggle between Germany and England
What did many American born Americans feel about the war?
They felt close ancestry to he British.
Why were America’s ties stronger with the Allies then with the Central Powers?
Because of the economic ties. They traded much more with them
What was he British Blockade?
The Brits blocked the German boarder preventing food and supplies from getting it in.
What were the results of the British Blockade?
It prevented American Ships that were carrying goods to get there.
Caused famine in Germany
How did Germany respond to the t Blockade?
They made U Boats. Any British or Allied ship found in the waters around Britain would be sunk. It would not always be possible to warn crews about it.
What was the Lusitania?
It was a passenger ship at the Southern Coast of Ireland that was sunk by the U- Boats. It carried 128 Americans
What were some other ships that Germany sunk?
The Arabic and Sussex
The US warned that they would break off diplomatic relations with Germany. The Germans agreed to stop the attacks, they said that the US had to stop the British Blockade.
Who won the 1916 Election. With what slogan?
Woodrow Wilson won the election with the slogan “Keep Us Out of War”
Zimmerman Note:
Germany’s foreign minister sent a note to Mexico, telling them to join with Germany so that they could reclaim lost territory. It was intercepted by the British
Germany sunk 4 unarmed American merchant ships
Russia became a communist government
US could claim that the war was now a battle for diplomacy
America declared war on
April 2, 1917
Eddie Rickenbacker
A famous fighter pilot of WWI. He
How many men were in sevice when war was declared?
Only 200,000 men were in service
Selective Service Act
Passed in 1917, Required Men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service
By the end of 1918, how many men had registered?
24 million
Most of the inductees had not:
attended high school and 1/5 was foreign born
What was the all black regiment called?
the 369th Infantary Regiment
How did the United States expand the fleet?
- Exempted many shipyard workers from the draft and others defferd classification
- US Chamber of Commerce joined in a public relations campaign to emphasize the importance of shipyard workers.
- Urged automobile workers to give shipyard workers rides.
- They used prefabrication techniques
Admiral Wiliam S. Sims convinced the british to try Convoy Systems. What were they>
Merchant ships that were escorted by a heavy guard of destroyers
The US Navy also helped lay a 230 mile barrier of mines across the North Sea from Scotland to Norway. What was this designed to do?
Bottle up U-Boats that sailed from German pors and kept them out of the ocean
What was one main contributer that helped to keep the Allied Froces up?
The Americans enthusiasm
The American Expeditionary Force was led by
General John J. Pershing
What did the AEF include?
American infantrymen
What were American Infantrymen called?
Doughboys because of the white belts they wore that were cleaned with pipe clay
What were some new weapons?
- Machine Gun
- Tank
- Airplane
- Airplanes that could carry bombs
- Observation Balloons
While fighting, what were men surrounded by?
Tanks, filth, lice, rats,, and polluted water
What was shell shock?
A term coined durign World War I to describe a complete emotional collapse from which many neer recovered
What were some common diseases?
Trench Foot, and trench mouth
When Russia pulled out of the war in 1917, the Germans shifted their armies from eastern front to where
To France
Who was Alivin York
He was a conscientious objector. He decided that it was acceptable to fight if the cause was just. He killed 25 Germans with a rile and revolver
What happened on 11/3/1918
Austria Hungary surrendered and Germans turned against their government
What were some statistics of World War I?
It was the bloodiest war in history with 22 millian. Also, there was outbraks of desease and it cost 338 billion
Why was Wilson given more power during WWI?
Because it was such an immense conflict, the entire economu had to be refocused on it. So. that meant that it was easier to leave the job to one person
What was the War Industries Board?
It was established in 1917 and encouraged companies to use efficient mass production, eliminate waste, and standardize products.
Who was the head of the War industries Board?
Bernard M. Baruch
What did the Railroad Industry do>
Controlled th erailroads, as teh fuel administration monitered the coal supplies and rationed gas.
During the war, what happened to wages?
They rose in most industries. Stock holders saw enormous profits (DuPont company saw the it multiply by 1600 percent
What were some bad conditions though?
Child labor and working hours were sped up. Unions boomed
What was the National War Labor Board
To deal with disputes between management and labor. Workers who refused to obey board devisions could loose their draft exemptions
Wilson set up what?
The food Administration under Herbert Hoover. Instead of rationing food, he called for people to follow gospel of a clean plate.
What did homeowners plant
victory gardens
How much did the US spend?
35.5 billion on war effort
How did the government raise money?
Progressive income tax, taxes on tobacco, liquor, and luxury goods. They also sold bonds.
What did the US to do popularize the war?
Propoganda, a biased information. They set up the Committee on Public Information
Who was the head of the comittee?
George Creel
What happened when war was declared?
the main target of these attacks became immigrants.
What were the Espionage and Sedition acts?
A person could be fined up to 10,000$ for saying anything bad about the government. It violated the 1st amendment and targeted socialists
Did african americans support the war?>
Some did
Great Migration
The large scale movement of African Americans. They wanted to escape descrimination and also get work
What did women do during the war?
They moved into jobs that had been exclusively held by me. They also did traditional jobs
What was one huge crisis?
The flu epidemic.
