Ch 41: Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

Community

A

is an assemblage of species living close enough for potential interaction.

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2
Q

General things about interspecific

A
  • Interspecific interactions can be positive of one species (+), negative (-), or neutral (0)
  • Interspecific interactions include competition(only occurs when scarce resources), predation, and symbioses
  • Interspecific (different species) Intraspecific ( same species)
  • Interspecific competition can result in the elimination of one of the species. (a reproductive advantage in one species)
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3
Q

Interspecific competition

A

occurs when resources are in short supply, It is a -/- interaction between species involved

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4
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

When two species are vying for a resource, eventually the one with the slight reproductive advantage will eliminate the other. (resource partitioning)

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5
Q

An Ecological Niche

A

sum total of biotic and abiotic resources in its environment.

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6
Q

2 types of ecological niches

A

Fundamental niche and Realized niche

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7
Q

Fundamental niche

A

what a species potentially occupies

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8
Q

Realized niche

A

the portion of the fundamental niche the species actually occupies (because of comp)

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9
Q

How does competition occur?

A

When niches overlap competition occur

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10
Q

Predator prey interaction - or + or 0

A

prey interactions are +/- between two species

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11
Q

Cryptic coloration

A

camouflaged by coloring

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12
Q

Aposematic coloration

A

the poisonous animal is brightly colored as a warning

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13
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

nonpoisonous look like poisonous

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14
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

Bad tastingresemble each other, predators avoid equally

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15
Q

Herbivory, - + 0

A

is also a +/- interaction, Herbivores eat only part of a plant or alga

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16
Q

Plant protective devices are

A

chemical toxins, spines, and thorns

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17
Q

Symbiosis

A

occurs when two or more species live in direct contact with one another

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18
Q

Parasitism

A

+/- interaction, the parasite derives its nourishment from the host. This decreases the survival, reproduction, and density of the host population

19
Q

Mutualism

A

+/+ interaction, both species benefit,

20
Q

Commensalism

A

+/0 interaction, one benefits the other is neither harmed nor benefits,

21
Q

Species diversity

A

a measure of the number of different species in a community (species richness) and the relative abundance of each species

22
Q

Trophic Structure

A

feeding relationships among organisms

23
Q

Trophic levels

A

links in the trophic structure of a community

24
Q

Flow of Energy is ?

A

Energy is transferred from the sun to plants to herbivores to carnivores and finally to decomposers.

25
Q

Dominant Species

A

in a community the species with the highest biomass (all members of pop) or most abundant

26
Q

Keystone Species

A

exert control on the community because of its important niche (a role it plays)

27
Q

Ecosystem engineers

A

cause physical changes in the environment that affect community structure

28
Q

The bottom-up model of community organization

A

proposes a unidirectional influence from lower to higher trophic levels

29
Q

top-down model

A

proposes that control comes from the trophic level above

30
Q

Biomanipulation

A

can help restore polluted communities

31
Q

Disturbance and Diversity

A

Storm, fire, flood, drought, or human activity can be a disturbance and change a community by removing organisms or changing resource availability.

32
Q

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

moderate levels of disturbance create conditions that foster greater species diversity than low or high levels of disturbance

33
Q

Ecological Succession

A

the transition in species composition

34
Q

Primary Succession

A

Plants and Animals gradually invade region that was Lifeless (pioneer species)

35
Q

Secondary Succession

A

The existing community has been cleared by a disturbance that leaves the soil intact (ex. Fire)

36
Q

Stages of succession

A
  • Early-arriving species and later-arriving species may be linked in one of three processes
  • Early arrivals may facilitate the appearance of later species by making the environment favorable
  • They may inhibit the establishment of later species
  • They may tolerate later species but have no impact on their establishment
37
Q

Two most important biogeographic factors

A

Latitude of the community and Area of the community

38
Q

Latitude of the community

A

plants and animals are generally more abundant and diverse in the tropics and become less diverse as you move toward the poles

39
Q

Area of the community

A

the larger the geographic area of a community the more species it has (if all other factors are held equal

40
Q

Island biogeography

A

the study of “islands” is primarily by two factors

41
Q

Rates of immigration and extinctions are influenced primarily by the ___and___ of the island from the mainland (source)

A

size and distance

42
Q

Greater sizes of the island

A

higher the immigration rates and lower the extinction rates.

43
Q

As the distance from the mainland increase,

A

the rate of immigration falls, extinction rate increases.