Ch 39: Ecology

Question 1

Behavior

2 things -

Answer 1

what an animal does and how it does it, results from genetic environmental factors.

• Essential for survival and reproduction.
• Natural selection can change it over time.

Question 2

Two fundamental levels of behavior

Answer 2

Proximate then Ultimate

Question 3

Proximate

Answer 3

“How” questions, Effects of heredity on behavior, genetic-environmental interactions, and sensory-motor mechanisms.

Question 4

Ultimate

Answer 4

“Why” questions, Studies of the origin of the behavior, its change over time, and the utility of the behavior in terms of reproductive success.

Question 5

Innate Behaviors

Answer 5

Are Developmentally fixed. They are unlearned

Question 6

Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)

Answer 6

a sequence of unlearned acts that is largely unchangeable and usually carried to completion once it is initiated, Trigged by sign stimuli

Question 7

Kinesis

Answer 7

a simple change in activity in response to a stimulus, whereas a taxi is an automatic movement toward or away from a stimulus.

Question 8

Migration

Answer 8

is a complex behavior seen in a wide variety of animals?

Question 9

Circadian rhythms

Answer 9

occur on a daily cycle (24 periods), make sure you do the correct thing at the correct times

Question 10

Signal

Answer 10

Behavior that causes a change in the behavior of another individual and is the basis for animal communication

Question 11

Pheromones

Answer 11

chemical signals emitted by members of one species that affect other members of the species

Question 12

Visual Signals

Answer 12

warning flash of white of mockingbird’s wings

Question 13

Auditory Signals

Answer 13

a screech of a blue jay or song or a warbler

Question 14

Learning

Answer 14

modification of behavior based on specific experiences establishes links between experience and behavior

Question 15

Imprinting

Answer 15

a combination of learned and innate components that are limited to a sensitive period, generally irreversible.,

Question 16

Associative Learning

Answer 16

associate one feature of their

an environment with another feature

Question 17

Classical conditioning

Answer 17

learning to associate certain stimuli with reward or punishment

Question 18

Operant Conditioning

Answer 18

an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment.

Question 19

Other Influences on Behavior, 2

Answer 19

Twin studies in humans indicate that both environment and genetics contribute significantly to behaviors

Behavior can be directed by genes. For example, a single gene appears to control courtship in fruit flies.

Question 20

Cognition

Answer 20

is a process of knowing that may include awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgment

Question 21

Problem-solving

Answer 21

is the process of devising a strategy to overcome an obstacle

Question 22

3 things about behavior

Answer 22

Selection for individual survival and reproductive success can explain most behaviors
Behavior enhances survival and reproductive success in a population
These behaviors are passed along.

Question 23

Foraging

Answer 23

Foraging or food-obtaining behavior includes not only eating, but also mechanisms used in searching for, recognizing, and capturing food

Question 24

The optimal foraging model

Answer 24

proposes that it is a compromise between the benefits of nutrition and the cost of obtaining food

Question 25

Mating Systems

Answer 25

vary between species. The needs of the young are important constraints in the development of these systems.

Question 26

3 types of mating systems

Answer 26

• Promiscuous – no strong pair bonds
• Monogamous – one male/one female
• Polygamous – with one individual mating with several others

Question 27

polygamous relationships

Answer 27

an individual of one sex mates with several individuals of the other sex

Question 28

Species with polygamous mating systems are

Answer 28

usually sexually dimorphic: males and females have different external morphologies

Question 29

Polygamous

Answer 29

relationships can be either polygynous or polyandrous

Question 30

polygyny

Answer 30

one male mates with many females, The males are usually showier and larger than the females

Question 31

polyandry

Answer 31

one female mates with many males, the females are often more showy than the males

Question 32

Agonistic Behavior

Answer 32

ritualized contests that determine which competitor gains access to resources, such as food or mates.

Question 33

Altruism

Answer 33

when animals behave in ways that reduce their individual fitness but increase the fitness of other individuals in the populations

Question 34

Inclusive Fitness

Answer 34

total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enables other close relatives to produce offspring.

Question 35

Kin Selection

Answer 35

altruistic behavior that enhances the reproductive success of relatives, Natural selection favors Kin Selection.

Question 36

Endotherms

Answer 36

generate own heat through metabolism

Question 37

Ectotherms

Answer 37

lack an internal mechanism to control body temperature

Question 38

habituation

Answer 38

learn not to respond to certain things

Question 39

photoperiodism

Answer 39

plants change due to light

Question 40

tropism

Answer 40

turn in stimulus(plants for light)

Question 41

Phototropism

Answer 41

bending towards light

Question 42

gravitropism

Answer 42

how plants respond to gravity

Question 43

thigmotropism

Answer 43

how plants respond to touch

Question 44

auxins

Answer 44

promote plant growth