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AP Biology > 5.6: The plasma membrane plays a key role in most cell signaling > Flashcards

5.6: The plasma membrane plays a key role in most cell signaling Flashcards

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1
Q

local regulators

A

they are signaling molecules dissolved in the cytosol that are used to communicate short distances, growth factors are good examples of these

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2
Q

Where do signaling molecules typically come from

A

from other signaling cells

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3
Q

Types of local signaling include…

A

direct contact through junctions, cell to cell rec. , paracrine, and synaptic signaling

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4
Q

Cell Junction

A

directly connect cytoplasms of very close cells, type of local signaling

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5
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

cell junctions but for plants

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6
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

where local regulators influence the cells in a certain vicinity

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7
Q

synaptic signaling

A

in the nervous system, a nerve cell is triggered by an electrical signal which makes the nerve cells secrete a neurotransmitter molecule carrying a chemical signal, these molecules then diffuse into the synapses

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8
Q

An example of long distance signaling is…

A

endocrine signaling

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9
Q

endocrine signaling

A

specialized cells release hormones, in animals, these hormones travel through the circulatory system, in plants they move through air and gas

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10
Q

hormones

A

used for long-distance signaling, many types

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11
Q

What are the 3 stages of cell signaling?

A

Reception, Transduction, and Response

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12
Q

Reception

A

The target cell’s detection of signal molecules when they bind

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13
Q

Where does reception usually take place

A

in the cell or on its membrane

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14
Q

ligand

A

general term for a signaling molecule with a receptor protein causes shape change in the protein when binded

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15
Q

Transduction

A

The conversion of the signal to a for that can bring about a specific cellular response, basically series of reactions happen to where it can make a response

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16
Q

signal transduction pathway

A

series of steps where a signal on a cell’s surface is converted into a specific response

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17
Q

Response

A

The specific cellular response to the signal molecules

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18
Q

What is the significance of the receptor protein changing shape when it binds to the signaling molecule

A

The binding of ligand and a receptor is very specific, the following shape change of the receptor molecule causes it to react with other cellular molecules

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19
Q

Intracellular receptors

A

found inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm/most often in the nucleus, ligand must be small and hydrophobic

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20
Q

Plasma membrane receptors

A

found in the plasma membrane, hydrophilic ligands

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21
Q

G protein-coupled receptor(GPCR)

A

surface transmembrane receptor that works with the help of a G protein, this type of reception is used by other hormones and neurotransmitters

22
Q

G protein

A

Protein that is activated by exchanging its GDP with GTP

23
Q

Step of 1 of G-protein-linked reception

A
  1. Ligand binds to G proteins-couples receptor(type of receptor)
  2. Makes a shape change in the receptor so it binds to inactive G protein
  3. This causes a GTP to replace GDP, thus activating the G protein(happens when G protein binds to the receptor)
24
Q

Step of 2 of G-protein-linked reception

A
  1. The newly activated G protein binds to a specific enzyme(activates enzyme)
  2. This activation of the enzyme causes a cellular response(only one)
  3. The shape change is back to normal and the G protein hydrolyzes its GTP back to GDP to repeat the process after the receptor leaves
25
Q

How does the G-protein-linked reception cause cholera

A

a high concentration of cAMP causes intestinal cells to secrete large amounts of waste

26
Q

Step 1 and 2 of receptor tyrosine kinases

A
  1. The binding of signal molecules(two of the same type) to the receptors
  2. This causes the formation of a dimer
  3. dimer: structure of many tyrosine kinases that receives an ATP(phosphorylation) molecule
27
Q

Step 3 and 4 of receptor tyrosine kinases

A

The inactive relay model becomes active by attaching to the receptor tyrosine kinase proteins(multiple responses based on number of Tyrosines)

28
Q

What is the key difference between G-protein-linked reception and receptor tyrosine kinases

A

single ligand can activate with G-protein so single response, multiple cellular responses in tyrosine kinase depends on the number of phosphates attached

29
Q

ligand-gated ion channel

A

Is a gate for ions when the receptor changes shape(gated ion channel)

30
Q

explain how the ligand-gated ion channel works

A

when a receptor is bound to a ligand, the ion gate allows for specific ions to come in (opens and closes),these ions are moving down their electronegative gradient(facilitated diffusion), the process is reset through the receptor leaving

31
Q

what systems require the ligand-gated ion channel

A

very important in the nervous system, diffusion of ions can cause an electrical signal

32
Q

What are the 3 membrane receptors

A

G-protein-linked receptors, Receptor tyrosine kinases, and ligand-gated ion channel

33
Q

What is an example of an intracellular receptor

A

Steroid Hormone Interacting with an Intracellular Receptor

34
Q

Explain how a Steroid Hormone Interacting with an Intracellular Receptor works

A
  1. Aldosterone(steroid), can pass through the plasma membrane(hydrophobic ligand)
  2. This steroid binds to a receptor protein in the cytoplasm activating it(since in the cytoplasm, the transduction pathway is short)
  3. Hormone receptor complex(receptor bound to protein) enters the nucleus and binds to specific genes
  4. This steroid/hormone acts as a transcription factor, stimulates the transcription of the gene/DNA into mRNA
  5. mRNA is translated into a specific protein
35
Q

Protein kinases

A

at each step these phosphorylate/activate many proteins at the next level(an enzyme that activates another enzyme until inactive protein is activated, info/phosphates are passed on)

36
Q

Phosphorylation cascade

A

multistep pathway which amplifies the signal as the process goes on,phophoralyzation occurs as the name implies

37
Q

when does the phosphorylation cascade stop

A

Goes until the protein that turns on the response is activated

38
Q

benefits of a phosphorlation cascade

A

allows for a larger cellular response and more coordination opportunities

39
Q

typically how many protein kinases are use

A

3

40
Q

Protein phosphatases

A

removes the phosphate from protein kinases, a process called dephosphorylating(turns off signal)

41
Q

what are the benefits of protein phophotases(pp)

A

They also make protein kinases available for reuse, enabling the cell to respond to the signal again

42
Q

Second messengers

A

small, nonproteins, water-soluble molecules, or ions(Cyclic amp, Calcium ions)(only for plasma membrane receptors)

43
Q

What is the main duty of the secondary messengers

A

The second messenger activates protein kinase A which then starts the phosphorylation cascade

44
Q

What are examples of places where secondary messengers are used

A

These messengers can participate in pathways of G and tyrosine receptors

45
Q

Cyclic AMP(cAMP)

A

is one of the most widely used second messengers, causes the start of protein kinase or protein kinase A

46
Q

Adenylyl cyclase

A

an enzyme in the plasma membrane, converts ATP to cAMP(is ending in -ase then enzyme)

47
Q

Phosphodiesterase

A

turns off cAMP

48
Q

where is the cellular response the shortest?

A

the cytoplasm

49
Q

Where does a cellular response usually occur

A

The response typically occurs in the cytoplasm(enzyme) or nucleus(protein)

50
Q

what is the usual cellular response in the nucleus

A

The final activated molecules is usually a transcription factor

51
Q

what is the usual cellular response in the cytoplasm

A

Activities in the cytoplasm include activating or inhibiting an enzyme, or cause cytoskeleton rearrangement

52
Q

What is apoptosis

A

It is programmed cell suicide, can be triggered by, death signaling ligand, DNA damage in the nucleus, and protein misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum

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