13.4: Expression Flashcards
Essential knowledge
Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.
Recombinant DNA
DNA that has been artificially made, using DNA from a different source (often a different species) - Human genes in E. coli
Genetic Engineering
the process of manipulating genes and genomes
Biotechnology
the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products
Gene Cloning
the process by which scientists can produce multiple copies of specific segments of DNA
Restriction enzymes
used to cut strands of DNA at specific locations (restriction sites)
Restriction fragments
segments of DNA left over,
Sticky end
a single-stranded tail that can form hydrogen bonds with complementary DNA, sealed together by DNA ligase
result of recombinant
End with hundreds of different genes inserted (Reporter Gene)
Genomic Library
a set of thousands of recombinant plasmids, each with a piece of the genome
PCR(polymerase chain reaction)
used when the source of DNA is impure or scarce, used to amplify the mound of DNA
Gel Electrophoresis
Separated DNA on the basis of the size of segments
- DNA moves from – to + pole when in an electrical current
- Smaller molecules move faster/further thru gel
- Larger molecules move slower thru gel
- Banding patterns establish a common origin.
Reproduce itself
stem cells can indefinitely
Stem cells
Under the right conditions, it can produce other
specialized cells
Enormous potential for medical applications
The younger the cell the = can become more diverse cells
Embryonic stem cells – Pluripotent, can differentiate into many different cells
Adult stem cells - Multipotent, can differentiate into only a closely related family of cells
These cells can be used to treat some diseases and to replace nonfunctional tissues
Diagnosis of diseases
- Use PCR to amplify DNA in Blood to detect
- Gel electrophoresis helps ID types of diseases
