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AP Biology > ch 19: Natural Selection > Flashcards

ch 19: Natural Selection Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Scala Naturae

A

Aristotle – the scale of increasing complexity, not to be modified

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2
Q

Old Testament

A

Perfect Species designed by God

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3
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

Grouped species by traits, Taxonomy, Binomial nomenclature

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4
Q

George Cuvier

A

Catastrophism

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5
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Uniformitarianism (old earth)

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6
Q

paleontology

A

the study of fossils was largely developed by French scientist Georges Cuvier

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7
Q

Catastrophism

A

speculating that each boundary between strata/layers represents a catastrophe

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8
Q

Geologists James Hutton and Charles Lyell

A

perceived that changes in Earth’s surface can result from slow continuous actions still operating today

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9
Q

uniformitarianism

A

the mechanisms of change are constant over time, Lyell’s principle, This view strongly influenced Darwin’s thinking

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10
Q

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

A

An early theory of Evolution based on two principles

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11
Q

use and disuse

A

If used becomes stronger, if not used deteriorate

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12
Q

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

assumes characteristics acquired during an organism’s life could be passed to the next generation

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13
Q

Charles Darwin

A

HMS Beagle – 1831 – 1836 Naturalist, went on a voyage and collected stuff

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14
Q

Nature selection

A

explains how adaptions arise, theory of evolution by this, Natural Selection is a process that allows individuals with favorable Hereditable Characteristics to survival and reproduction at a higher rate (better fit)

  • required environment to have specific carrying capacity
  • required heritable traits in animals
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15
Q

Adaptations

A

characteristics that allow an animal to survive and

reproduce in a specific environment

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16
Q

Darwin’s 3 broad observations

A
  1. the unity of life
  2. the diversity of life
  3. the match between organisms and their environment
17
Q

The Origin of Species

A

Darwin never used the word evolution in this book

18
Q

descent with modification

A

the phrase that summarizes Darwin’s perception of the unity of life

19
Q

artificial selection

A

a process where darwin noted that humans have modified other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits

20
Q

Observation #1

A

Members of a population often vary in their inherited traits

21
Q

Observation #2

A

All species can produce more offspring than the environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce

22
Q

Inference #1

A

Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals

23
Q

Inference #2

A

This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations

24
Q

Individuals that are better fit for the environment will replace fewer fit individuals.

A

If the environment changes a new set of adaptations may become favored, which can lead to differential reproductive success, which can give rise to new species.

25
Q

artificial selection

A

Humans select desired traits, not the environment

26
Q

Evidence For Evolution

A
  • Direct observation
  • The fossil record
  • Homology
  • Biogeography
27
Q

Direct observation

A
  • Insect populations can rapidly become resistant to pesticides such as DDT
  • Evolution of drug-resistant viruses and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
28
Q

The Fossil Record

A

Show evolutionary change occurred over time and the origin of major new groups

29
Q

Homology

A

characteristics in related species that are similar, but have different functions

30
Q

Homologous structures

A

anatomical signs of evolution (mammal forelimb- flying, swimming walking), show evidence of relatedness

31
Q

Embryonic Homologies

A

early-stage similarities not shown in adults (vertebrate embryos)

32
Q

Vestigial organs

A

structures of marginal if any importance(pelvis and leg bones in snakes)

33
Q

Molecular Homologies

A

DNA/RNA, similarities in protein-coding, hemoglobin molecules

34
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

distantly related species resemble one another. Lived in similar environments / adapted to similar challenges, Results in analogous similarities not homologous

35
Q

Analogous structures

A

are similar solution similar problem but do not indicate close relatedness

36
Q

Biogeography

A
  • Geographic distribution of species
  • Species in a discrete geographic area tend to be more closely related
  • Continental drift – Pangaea
37
Q

Endemic species

A

Species found in only one region and nowhere else

AP Biology (62 decks)

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