11.1: Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance

Question 1

character

Answer 1

the heritable feature that varies among individuals, flower color

Question 2

trait

Answer 2

each variant for a character, purple or white flowers

Question 3

true-breeding

Answer 3

where over many generations of self pollinations, they have the same trait as their parent

Question 4

hybridization

Answer 4

mating/crossing of two true-breeding varieties

Question 5

P generation

Answer 5

parental generation

Question 6

F1 generation

Answer 6

parental generation hybrid offspring

Question 7

F2 generation

Answer 7

produced through the self-pollinating of the F1 gen plant or crossing between two F1 plants

Question 8

What was 2 laws were deduced from the 2 principles of heredity

Answer 8

using the F2 generation, he was able to deduce 2 fundamental principles of heredity, now called the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment

Question 9

What happens when 2 true breeding plants are crossed?

Answer 9

When the p gen true-breeding plants were crossed, it formed only one color(dominant)

Question 10

When the F1 x F1, there was sometimes one color but rarely the other color, what is this known as?

Answer 10

this is known as the phenotypic ratio 3:1

Question 11

dominant trait

Answer 11

the trait that shows up most of the time

Question 12

recessive trait

Answer 12

is masked up by the dominant allele, occurred sometimes in the F2 gen

Question 13

alleles

Answer 13

alternate versions of a gene

Question 14

The first rule of the Mendel model

Answer 14

1. Alternative versions of genes account for variation in inherited characters, The order of nucleotides can determine which enzyme synthesizes which allele

Question 15

The second rule of the Mendel model

Answer 15

2. for each character, an organism inherits two versions of a gene, one from each parent

Question 16

The third rule of the Mendel model

Answer 16

3. if the 2 alleles at a locus differ, then one, the dominant allele, determines the organism’s appearance; the other, the recessive allele, has no noticeable effect on the organism’s apearance

Question 17

The fourth rule of the Mendel model

Answer 17

2. Law of segregation: 2 alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

Question 18

homozygotes

Answer 18

an organism with a pair of identical alleles for a gene encoding a character, said to be homozygous, can be dominant or recessive

Question 19

heterozygote

Answer 19

2 different alleles, said to be heterozygous

Question 20

phenotype

Answer 20

appearance/observable traits

Question 21

genotype

Answer 21

genetic makeup, pp PP, 1:2:1

Question 22

testcross

Answer 22

breeding an organism of unknown genotype with recessive homozygotes, can predict either one

Question 23

monohybrids

Answer 23

cross involving only one trait

Question 24

monohybrid cross

Answer 24

cross between f1 monohybrids

Question 25

dihybrid

Answer 25

a cross between multiple traits

Question 26

dihybrid cross

Answer 26

a cross between F1 dihybrids

Question 27

law of independent assortment

Answer 27

each pair of alleles sorts independently of the other pair of alleles during gamete formation (must be on different chromosomes).