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AP Biology > Ch 40: Ecology > Flashcards

Ch 40: Ecology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ecology

A

Study of interactions between organisms and the environment, Including Biotic (Living) and Abiotic (nonliving)

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2
Q

Biotic factors

A

plants, animals, dead trees, may include behaviors as well as interactions with other species

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3
Q

Abiotic Factors

A

Nonliving, chemical, and physical components, E.x air, water, soil, sunlight, temperature, and climate

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4
Q

Climate

A

the weather in some locations averaged over some long period of time.

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5
Q

2 Scales of climate

A

Macroclimate patterns, Microclimate

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6
Q

Macroclimate patterns

A

global, regional, local levels the changing angle of the sun over the year, bodies of water, and mountains exert seasonal, regional, and local effects on macroclimates

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7
Q

Microclimate

A

the small fine-scale variation, for example under a log or on a riverbank shaded by vegetation

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8
Q

Biomes

3 things

A

Major types of ecosystems that occupy very broad geographic regions

  • The layering of vegetation in all biomes provides diverse habitats for animals
  • Biomes are dynamic and usually exhibit extensive patchiness
  • Similar characteristics can arise in distant biomes through convergent evolution
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9
Q

Two main types of Biomes

A

Aquatic and Terrestrial.

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10
Q

General Features of Terrestrial Biomes(3)

A
  1. named for major physical or climatic factors and for vegetation
  2. No sharp boundaries
  3. Vertical layering is an important feature of terrestrial biomes, and in a forest, it might consist of an upper canopy, low-tree layer, shrub understory, ground layer of herbaceous plants, forest floor, and root layer
  4. ecotone - area of intergraation
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11
Q

Disturbance and Terrestrial Biomes

A
  • A disturbance is an event such as a storm, fire, or human activity that changes a community
  • Fire suppression has changed the vegetation of the Great Plains
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12
Q

Aquatic Biomes(3)

A

1- The largest part of the biosphere (planet) – covers 75% of the surface
2- Two types – Freshwater and Marine
3- All Aquatic Biomes have Vertical stratification which forms unique layers

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13
Q

Photic Zone(aquatic)

A

enough light for photosynthesis to occur a (Aphotic –almost no light)

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14
Q

Benthic Zone(aquatic)

A

the bottom layer, composed of sand, inorganic matter, organic sediments called
detritus (dead)

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15
Q

Thermocline(aquatic)

A

As you go from top to bottom you have multiple layers of fast temperature changes

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16
Q

thermocline(aquatic)

A

separates the warm upper layer from the cold deeper water, in oceans and most lakes, a temperature boundary

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17
Q

turnover(aquatic)

A

Many lakes undergo a semiannual mixing of their waters, mixing oxygenated water from the surface with nutrient-rich water from the bottom

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18
Q

Two types standing bodies (lakes), and running bodies (rivers)(Freshwater Biomes)

A

Littoral Zone and Limnetic zone

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19
Q

Oligotrophic lakes(Freshwater Biomes)

A

deep lakes that are nutrient-poor and oxygen-rich contain little phytoplankton

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20
Q

Eutrophic lakes(Freshwater Biomes)

A

shallower, high nutrient content and lower oxygen levels high concentration of phytoplankton

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21
Q

current(Freshwater Biomes)

A

the unique physical features of Streams and rivers

22
Q

What do flowing bodies of water have?(Freshwater Biomes)

A

Flowing bodies of water have vertical divisions from the headwaters to the mouth, If unpolluted they can be very productive

23
Q

Estuaries (Freshwater Biomes)

A

where freshwater streams or rivers merge with the ocean

24
Q

Intertidal zone(Marine Biomes)

A

where land meets the water, submerged and exposed by the twice-daily tides.

25
Q

Neritic zone(Marine Biomes)

A

past intertidal zone shallow water over continental shelves

26
Q

Pelagic biome(Marine Biomes)

A

the vast realm of open water

27
Q

Coral reef(Marine Biomes)

A

created by cnidarians and their hard calcium carbonate shells. Support other corals, sponges, and algae. Among the most productive ecosystems on Earth.

28
Q

Must define a population

A

a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area

29
Q

Population Ecology

A

Study of how biotic and abiotic factors influence a populations

30
Q

4 factors that influence populations

A
  1. Density
  2. Distribution
  3. Size
  4. Age
31
Q

Density

A

number of individuals per area (the unit of area can change), births→ immigration increases, deaths→emigration increases

32
Q

Dispersion

A

a pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the populations.

33
Q

3 types of dispersion

A

Clumped, Uniform, and Random

34
Q

Demography

A

the study of vital statistics of a population and how they change over time. Birth and Death rates especially using survivorship curves

35
Q

life table

A

age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population, made by following cohorts

36
Q

cohort

A

a group of individuals of the same age

37
Q

survivorship curve

A

is a graphic way of representing the data in a life table, The survivorship curve for Belding’s ground squirrels shows a relatively constant death rate

38
Q

Survivorship curves can be classified into three general types(name and define)

A
  1. Type I: low death rates during early and middle life and an increase in death rates among older age groups
  2. Type II: a constant death rate over the organism’s life span
  3. Type III: high death rates for the young and a lower death rate for survivors
39
Q

reproductive table

A

or fertility schedule is an age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population, It describes the reproductive patterns of a population

40
Q

The Exponential Model of Population Growth

A
  • It is useful to study population growth in an idealized situation
  • Idealized situations help us understand the capacity of species to increase and the conditions that may facilitate this growth
  • Any species, regardless of its life history. Is capable of exponential growth if resources are abundant.
41
Q

Exponential population growth(4)

A

is population increase under idealized conditions

  • Under these conditions, the rate of increase is at its maximum, denoted as rmax
  • The equation of exponential population growth is
  • Exponential population growth results in a J-shaped curve
  • The J-shaped curve of exponential growth characterizes some rebounding populations
42
Q

The Logistic Model of Population Growth

A
  • Exponential growth cannot be sustained for long in any population
  • A more realistic population model limits growth by incorporating carrying capacity
  • Carrying capacity (K) is the maximum population size the environment can support without habitat degradation
  • Carrying capacity varies with the abundance of limiting resources
43
Q

Life History

A
  • Traits that affect an organism’s schedule of reproduction and survival.
  • Three Variables
    • How early in life does reproduction begin?
    • How often does the organism reproduce?
    • Some have one event (big-bang reproduction(semelparity)
    • Some produce offspring in repeated events (iteroparity)
  • How many offspring per reproductive event
  • These traits are evolutionary outcomes, not conscious decisions by organisms
44
Q

K-selection

A

life-history traits that are sensitive to population density and carrying capacity. (logistic model), Populations living close to the density imposed by the carrying capacity

45
Q

r-selection

A

life-history traits maximize reproductive success (exponential model)

46
Q

density-independent populations

A

birth rate and death rate do not change with population density

47
Q

density-dependent populations

A

birth rates fall and death rates rise with population density

48
Q

Competition

A

as the density of a population increases the competition for resources intensifies. Organisms compete for food, space, or essential nutrients

49
Q

Territoriality

A

Available space for territories or nesting may be limited thus controlling the population

50
Q

Disease

A

increasing densities allow for easier transmission of diseases.

51
Q

Predation

A

As prey populations increase, predators may find the prey more easily

AP Biology (62 decks)

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