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PE > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What receptor senses an increase in CO2 in the blood?

A

Chemoreceptors.

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2
Q

What nerve increases HR?

A

Accelerator nerve.

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3
Q

What nerve decreases HR?

A

The Vagous nerve.

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4
Q

What activates the sympathetic/ parasympathetic nervous system?

A

The Medulla Oblongata.

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5
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart during one contraction.

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6
Q

What is heart rate?

A

How many times the heart contracts per minute (bpm).

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7
Q

What receptor sense an increase in blood pressure?

A

Baroreceptors.

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8
Q

What receptor detects an increase in muscle movement?

A

Proprioceptors.

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9
Q

Blood PH decreases during exercise. What happens?

A

Chemoreceptors detect > medulla receives signal > medulla activates sympathetic nervous system > increase in HR.

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10
Q

Increase in muscle movement during exercise. What happens?

A

Proprioceptors detect > medulla receives signal > medulla activates sympathetic nervous system > increase in HR.

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11
Q

Increase in blood pressure. What happens?

A

Baroreceptors detect > medulla receives signal > medulla activates parasympathetic nervous system > decrease in HR.

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12
Q

Max HR formula?

A

220 - Age = Max HR.

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13
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

The widening of the blood vessels to increase the flow of blood.

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14
Q

How is blood flow controlled during exercise?

A

Increase in CO2 > detected by chemoreceptors > vasomotor centre is stimulated > blood is redistributed via vasodilation/constriction.

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15
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

The narrowing of the blood vessels to reduce blood flow.

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16
Q

What is vascular shunt?

A

When blood flow/cardiac output is redistributed to the working muscles rather than non-essential organs.

17
Q

What is the Bohr shift?

A

When an increase in CO2 and decrease in pH in the blood results in a reduction in affinity of Hb for oxygen.

18
Q

What is pH?

A

The measure of acidity. The scale ranges from 1-14, anything below 7 indicates acidity.

19
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped from the heart per minute.

20
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume x heart rate.

21
Q

What is cardiac hypertrophy?

A

The thickening of the heart’s muscular walls so it becomes bigger and stronger.

22
Q

What causes cardiac hypertrophy?

A

Regular aerobic training.

23
Q

What are the effects of cardiac hypertrophy?

A

Increased stroke volume > heart has to beat less to supply the same amount of blood > bradycardia > less oxygen is needed for heart contraction > more oxygen goes to working muscles.

24
Q

Define bradycardia.

A

A decrease in resting heart rate below 60 bpm.

25
Q

When does a stroke occur?

A

When the blood supply to the brain is cut off.

26
Q

What is systolic pressure and when does it occur?

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting. It is high.

27
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxing. It is lower.

28
Q

HowWhat is a typical blood pressure at rest?

A

120mmHg/80

29
Q

What is the order of conduction in the heart?

A

SAN > atrial systole > AVN > Bundle of His > Purkinje fibres > Ventricular systole.

30
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

The percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat.

31
Q

What is Starling’s Law?

A

Increased venous return > More diastole > Cardiac muscles stretched > More contraction force > Greater ejection fraction.

PE (21 decks)

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