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First Year med - dundee > C14. Histology of heart and blood vessels > Flashcards

C14. Histology of heart and blood vessels Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cardiovascular system consist of

A

heart, arteries (elastic/muscular), arterioles, meta arterioles, capillaries, venules, post capillary venule, veins

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2
Q

name the 3 blood vessel layers

A

Tunica - Intima, media, adventitia

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3
Q

describe the inner layer of a blood vessel

A

tunica intima
single layer of squamous epithelial cells supported by basal lamina and a thin layer of connective tissue

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4
Q

describe the middle layer of a blood vessel

A

tunica media
made up of smooth muscle
thickness varies

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5
Q

describe the outer layer of a blood vessel

A

tunica adventitia made of supporting connective tissue

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6
Q

tunica intima and media are separated by a layer of what?

A

elastic tissue called internal elastic membrane

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7
Q

tunica media and adventitia are separated by a layer of what?

A

elastic tissue called external elastic membrane

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8
Q

when elastic fibres are specially stained, what colour do they stain

A

black

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9
Q

why are large arteries like the aorta termed elastic arteries

A

because they have many sheets of elastic fibres in their tunica media to provide elastic recoil

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10
Q

Large vessels, only the inner part of the wall can obtain nutrients from the lumen, therefore these vessels will have their own vascular supply called what?

A

Vasa Vasorum

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11
Q

describe arterioles structure

A

Arterioles have only one or two layers of smooth muscle in their tunica media and almost no adventitia.

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12
Q

arterioles have an important role of what

A

These are particularly important in controlling blood flow in a tissue.

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13
Q

what is interesting an different about meta arterioles

A

smooth muscle is replaced by discontinuous contractile cells called pericytes

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14
Q

where are capillaries absent

A

epithelial cells resting on basement membrane
epidermis of skin, hair and nail
cornea of eye
hyaline cartilage

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15
Q

what are capillaries composed of

A

endothelial cells and a basal lamina

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16
Q

what cells are often on capillaries at intervals just outside the basal lamina. And what type of cells are they

A

pericytes - connective tissue cells with contractile properties

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17
Q

name the 3 types of cappilaries

A

continuous
fenestrated
discontinuous (or sinusoidal)

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18
Q

where are continuous capillaries found

A

muscle, connective tissue, lung, skin, nerve

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19
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries found

A

mucosa of the gut, endocrine glands, glomeruli of the kidney

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20
Q

one type of capillary has large gaps and another has 50nm pores. which is which?

A

fenestrated have 50nm pores
discontinuous has large gaps

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21
Q

where are discontinuous capillaries found

A

liver, spleen and bone marrow

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22
Q

which type of capillary lacks a basal lamina

A

discontinuous

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23
Q

blood getting from a small arteriole to a post capillary venule has to go through other vessels to get there. Which vessels are these?

A

Metarterioles (MT)
Throughfare channels (TC)
Capillaries (C)
Precapillary sphincters (PS)

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24
Q

Post capillary venules are made up of what?

A

endothelial lines and have a thin layer of connective tissue and occasional pericytes

25
Q

what are post capillary venules important for?

A

sites of exchange eg. cells moving into the tissue in inflammation

26
Q

once post capillary venules gain more smooth muscle cells in their tunica media they become…? and what size are these generally?

A

venules
>50um

27
Q

Vein have a thin/thick continuous/discontinuous tunica intima/media/adventitia choose from the options to complete the sentence

A

thin, continuous, tunica media

28
Q

name the two largest veins

A

vena cava and hepatic portal vein

29
Q

The largest veins (e.g. vena cava or hepatic portal vein) have a …….. tunica adventitia which incorporates bundles of ……… …….. smooth muscle.

A

thick
longitudinally oriented

30
Q

which vessels contain the most blood in the body

A

veins

31
Q

veins contain what structure

A

valves

32
Q

what are valves

A

inward extensions of the tunica intima that prevent backflow of blood

33
Q

name the 3 layers of the heart

A

endocardium, myocardium and epicardium

34
Q

what is the endocardium made from

A

endothelium
basal lamina
thin layer of collagen fibres
layer of denser connective tissue

35
Q

what area of the heart is made of loose connective tissue, small blood vessels and nerves, and branches of the impulse conducting system (Purkinje fibres)

A

subendocardium

36
Q

what is the myocardium made of

A

bundles and layers of contractile cardiac muscle fibres
Individual muscle fibres are surrounded by delicate, collagenous connective tissue with a rick network of capillaries

36
Q

cardiac muscle cells have how many nuclei

A

single central nucleus (sometime 2)

37
Q

what specialised structures are in cardiac muscle cells

A

intercalated discs

38
Q

what is the external layer of the heart called

A

epicardium

39
Q

what is the epicardium made of

A

-single layer of flattened epithelium called mesothelium
-basal lamina
-fibroelastic connective tissue and in some places adipose tissue

40
Q

what is the pericardium

A

a sac of tough fibrocallagenous connective tissue

41
Q

name the part of the pericardium that is made up of a layer of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium), basal lamina and connective tissue

A

serous pericardium

42
Q

what are the 2 types of serous pericardium

A

visceral and parietal

43
Q

visceral serous pericardium covers where?

A

surface of the heart

44
Q

what is the space between the visceral and parietal serous pericardium

A

pericardial cavity

45
Q

what does the pericardial cavity contain

A

small amount (15-50ml) of pericardial fluid

46
Q

what does the pericardial fluid aid?

A

lubrication for heart movement

47
Q

what is the fibrous ‘skeleton’ of the heart and valves made of

A

thick bands of fibrous connective tissue around the valves and between the atria and ventricles

48
Q

what does the fibrous ‘skeleton’ do

A

the fibrous connective tissue supports the valves and provides attachment for the cardiac muscle fibres

49
Q

A core of dense connective tissue is called what

A

A core of dense connective tissue, called the lamina fibrosa, that is in continuity with the fibrous skeleton.

50
Q

The leaflets of the valves separating the atria from the ventricles (the mitral and tricuspid) are anchored to …………..in the wall of the ventricle by collagenous strands called the chordae tendineae, which merge with the lamina fibrosa.

A

papillary muscles

51
Q

leaflets of the mitral and tricuspid valves are anchored to papillary muscles in the wall of the ventricle by collagenous strands called the ……………….., which merge with the lamina fibrosa.

A

chordae tendineae

52
Q

leaflets of the mitral and tricuspid valves are anchored to papillary muscles in the wall of the ventricle by collagenous strands called the chordae tendineae, which merge with the …………

A

lamina fibrosa.

53
Q

what type of blood vessels are in valves

A

none - there are no blood vessels in valves

54
Q

what is at the core of a heart valves

A

lamina fibrosa

55
Q

The lamina fibrosa is the core of a heart valve and is ‘………… …………’ connective tissue that is continuous with the fibrous skeleton of the hear. What kind of connective tissue is described here?

A

dense irregular

56
Q

name the 3 types of cardiac muscle cells:

A

contractile
pacemaker
conducting

57
Q
A

First Year med - dundee (49 decks)

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