Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

First Year med - dundee > 47R. Respiratory Mechanics > Flashcards

47R. Respiratory Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 mechanics of breathing

A
  1. the forces that move the lung and the chest wall
  2. The resistance that they overcome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is PALV

A

alveolar pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is Pp

A

Interpleural pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is PATM

A

atmospheric pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The forces that move the lung and the chest wall are aided by what two things

A

elastic properties - compliance and elastance

pressure gradient - PALV, Pp, PATM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are The resistances that they overcome

A

air- liquid surface tension

elastic properties of alveolar walls

airway radius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is compliance

A

is a measure of the distensibility of the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the compliance equation

A

Comp= 1 divided by elastance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is elastance

A

the tendency of the lung to return to its original size when distended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is elastic recoil pressure

A

the measure of elastase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When compliance increases, elastic recoil ……………

A

decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When compliance decreases, elastic recoil …………..

A

increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

when are respiratory muscles at rest (mention lung volume)

A

end of quiet exhalation
lung volume is FRC (functional residual capacity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what pressure is along the tracheobronchial tree

A

atmospheric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

in static conditions is there airflow

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Chest wall favours inflation/deflation

Lungs favour inflation/deflation

choose the correct word for each.

A

inflation

deflation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe the forces during inspiration and what happens

A

Muscle Contraction: Inspiratory Muscles: The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract. This causes the chest to expand.

Pressure Changes: PALV (Alveolar Pressure): The pressure inside the alveoli (air sacs in the lungs) becomes lower than the atmospheric pressure (sub-atmospheric).

Air Flow: Into Lungs: Because the pressure inside the lungs is lower than outside, air flows into the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe the forces during expiration and what happens

A

Muscle Relaxation: Inspiratory Muscles: The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax.

Recoil of Lungs: Elastic Recoil: The lungs naturally spring back to their original size.

Pressure Changes: The pressure inside the alveoli (PALV) becomes higher than the atmospheric pressure (PATM).

Air Flow: Out of Lungs: Because the pressure inside the lungs is higher than outside, air flows out of the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is frictional resistance of the airway determined by? And does this change depending on lung volume

A

flow
and no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pressure flow characteristics are described by what equation

A

R = deltaP/V. = (8)(n)(l)/(pi)(r)^4

Delta P = pressure difference
V= flow rate
n= viscosity
l=length of tube
r= radius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the 3 resistance types

A
  1. Airway - entire airway
  2. Parenchymal- lungs and airways combined
  3. Chest wall - chest wall and abdominal structures
22
Q

In parallel tubes, total resistance is ……..than the resistance of the individual tubes

A

less

23
Q

The greatest resistance to flow occurs in the ……. ……. airways

A

medium-sized

24
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation causes bronchoconstriction / bronchodilation

Sympathetic stimulation causes bronchoconstriction / bronchodilation

A

Parasympathetic stimulation causes bronchoconstriction and sympathetic stimulation causes bronchodilation

25
Q

what are the muscles of (passive) quiet inspiration

A

diaphragm
external intercostals

26
Q

what muscles are used in (passive) expiration

A

none - relies on passive recoil of lung tissue

27
Q

when do you do active breathing

A

exercise/severe obstruction/ hyperventilation

28
Q

what kind of muscles are used in active inspiration and can you name them (3)

A

accessory muscles

  1. sternocleidomastoid
  2. Scalenes
  3. Pectoral Muscles
29
Q

what muscles are used in active expiration

A

abdominal muscles:
- abdominus rectus
- transverse abdominus

Internal intercostal

30
Q

what is tidal volume

A

volume of air entering or leaving the lungs during a single breath

31
Q

what is Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

extra volume of air that can be maximally inspired over an above typical resting tidal volume

32
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume

A

extra volume of air that can actively expired by maximal contraction beyond the normal volume of air

33
Q

what is residual volume

A

minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a maximal expiration

34
Q

what are the average values/amounts of TV, IRV, ERV, RV

A

TV - 0.5 L
IRV - 3.0 L
ERV - 1.0 L
RV - 1.2 L

35
Q

Which static lung capacities are a product of at least two lung volumes = IC

A

Inspiratory Capacity = IRV + TV
Maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal quiet expiration

3.5L

36
Q

Which static lung capacities are a product of at least two lung volumes = FRC

A

Functional Residual Capacity = ERV + RV
Volume of air in lungs at end of normal passive expiration

2.2 L

37
Q

Which static lung capacities are a product of at least two lung volumes = VC

A

Vital Capacity = IRV + TV + ERV
Max volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following a maximal inspiration

4.5 L

38
Q

Which static lung capacities are a product of at least two lung volumes = TLC

A

total lung capacity = VC + RV
total volume of air the lungs can hold

39
Q

Volume time curve - allows you to determine: what?

A
  • Forced Vital Capacity (FVC): maximum volume that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs following a maximum inspiration
    • Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1): volume of air that can be expired during the first second of expiration in an FVC (Forced Vital Capacity) manoeuvre
    • FEV1/FVC ratio: The proportion of the Forced Vital Capacity that can be expired in the first second = (FEV1/FVC) X 100% - Normally more than 75%
40
Q

what are the 2 types of lung disease

A

obstructive and restrictive

41
Q

describe obstructive lung diseases and give examples

A

reduced expiratory flow and air trapping
- asthma
- COPD
Increased TLC, RV and FRC

42
Q

describe restrictive lung diseases and give an example

A

reduced functional volume of the lung
- Interstitial lung diseases - like fibrosis

Reduced TLC, RV and FRC

43
Q

what is COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
abnormal inflammatory response of the small airways to noxious particles or gases

44
Q

name 2 main conditions of COPD

A

emphysema and Chronic bronchitis

45
Q

what is chronic bronchitis

A

excessive mucus production and inflammation of bronchial tubes

46
Q

what is emphysema

A

destruction of alveolar wall and airway enlargement and reduced surface area for gas exchange

47
Q

what is asthma

A

a chronic inflammatory process, a reversible airway obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, airway remodeling - hypertrophy, hyperplasia and fibrosis.

Bronchoconstriction-> increased airflow resistance -> difficulty with expiration

48
Q

what is pulmonary fibrosis

A

thickening and scarring of the interstitium (the tissue around the air sacs) of the alveolar walls.

49
Q

what causes pulmonary fibrosis

A

excessive deposition of collagen in the lung extracellular matrix

50
Q

In pulmonary fibrosis what does scarring result in
and what is the name for this

A

multiple air-filled cystic spaces formed by dilated terminal and respiratory bronchioles (honeycomb lung).

First Year med - dundee (58 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions