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First Year med - dundee > 50R. respiratory histology > Flashcards

50R. respiratory histology Flashcards

1
Q

what cells line the nasal cavity

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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2
Q

what other cells are within pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium) lining the nasal cavity

A

goblet cells, basal cell, lamina propria/submucosa(connective tissue)

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3
Q

The nasal cavity lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells do what to inspired air

A

warm, moisten and filter

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4
Q

in addition to the roof of the nasal cavity there is a specialised area. what is this.

A

olfactory epithelium

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5
Q

Underneath the respiratory epithelium (RE) in the Nasal cavity there is the lamina propria, a band of loose connective tissue containing what? ……….(SM) and thin-walled ………..?(V) which can quickly engorge with blood and ‘block’ the nose

A

seromucous glands

venous sinuses

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6
Q

what is the front part of the nasal cavity called, just inside the nostrils

A

vestibule

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7
Q

what is the vestibule lined with

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium which then transitions to respiratory epithelium deeper in

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8
Q

what are the 3 types of pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
hypopharynx

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9
Q

what is the oropharynx lined by

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium to resist abrasion from food and air

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10
Q

what is the larynx composed of and lined by

A

cartilage and muscles
lined by respiratory epithelium

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11
Q

the larynx is made up of cartilage and muscles and lined by respiratory epithelium except for what structure

A

vocal folds

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12
Q

what cells are vocal folds lined with

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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13
Q

what is epiglottis

A

cartilage of the larynx

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14
Q

what is in the larynx

A

ventricular fold, ventricles, vocal fold, vocalis muscle, mucous glands, infraglottic cavity

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15
Q

which vertebrae does the trachea start

A

C6 just below the cricoid cartilage of the larynx

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16
Q

what type of cartilage is in trachea

A

C shaped

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17
Q

how many C shaped cartilages in a trachea

A

15-20

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18
Q

The trachea is continuous with the larynx. When does it terminate

A

when dividing into the main bronchi

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19
Q

The open side of the ‘C’ of the cartilage in the trachea is spanned by what tissue? and smooth muscle. What muscle?

A

fibroelastic
trachealis muscle

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20
Q

what lines the trachea

A

respiritory epithelia backed by basal lamina and lamina propria of connective tissue with lots of elastic fibres and submucosa of connective tissue that has many seromucous glands

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21
Q

the trachea splits into ……?? main bronchi

A

2

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22
Q

the wall of the bronchus is made from what

A

respiratory epithelium, lamina propria and some of the cartilage is replaced with muscularis (a ring of smooth muscle) and submucosa with adipose tissue and some seromucous glands

23
Q

as the bronchi branch becomes smaller the cartilage starts to do what

A

become more discontinuous and is finally lost when airway is about 1mm in diameter

24
Q

These smaller airways lacking cartilage are called…..

A

bronchioles

25
Q

what else besides cartilage do bronchioles lack

A

glands

26
Q

will bronchioles contain many, few or no goblet cells

A

few

27
Q

what lines bronchioles

A

cuboidal epithelial cells

28
Q

The smallest bronchioles lack respiratory (gas exchange) function are referred to as what

A

terminal bronchioles

29
Q

terminal bronchioles give rise to bronchiole that have respiratory function. these are called what?

A

respiratory bronchioles

30
Q

The smooth muscle (SM) of the bronchioles respond to …………………innervation, ……………….and other factors by contracting and constricting the diameter of the bronchiole.

A

parasympathetic and histamine

31
Q

smooth muscle contraction in the brochioles as a resullt of histamine, parasympathetic innervation and other factors plays a significant role in what reactions

A

asthma attacks and allergic reactions

32
Q

terminal bronchioles are lined with what and also contain what cells

A

cuboidal ciliated epithelium and non ciliated club cells

33
Q
A
34
Q

alveoli are lined with what cells

A

type I alveolar cells (also called type I pneumocytes)

35
Q

The respiratory bronchioles are the ………..of the respiratory portion of the airways.

A

beginning

36
Q

whats the difference between conducting airways and respiratory airways

A

Conducting- start from the trachea and go all the way to the terminal bronchioles. These parts just help air travel in and out, but they don’t do any gas exchange (no swapping of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood).

Respiratory - The terminal bronchioles lead to respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs. This is where the magic happens! The alveoli are where the oxygen gets into your blood and the waste gas (carbon dioxide) gets out.

37
Q

what are the alveoli and what nature do they make the lungs

A

terminal portions of the bronchial tree and are responsible for the spongy nature of the lungs.

Nature - Spongy

38
Q

what do alveoli in histology resemble

A

honeycomb

39
Q

Within alveoli oxygen and CO2 are exchanged. There are about …………….. alveoli in each lung.

A

300 million

40
Q

alveoli is lined by what

A

type 1 and 2 alveolar cells (pneumocytes) - simple squamous

41
Q

the cells in the alveoli provide what barrier

A

minimal thickness that is permeable to gas exchange

42
Q

describe type 2 alveolar cells

A

polygonal shape/ cuboidal
covered in microvilli
lamellar bodies containing surfactant

43
Q

how is the surfactant released and what does it do/reduce?

A

The surfactant is released by exocytosis and spreads over the pulmonary surface to reduce the surface tension at the air-fluid interface. This reduces the tendency for the alveoli to collapse at the end of expiration.

44
Q

what else apart from type 1 and 2 alveolar cells are present in the alveoli

A

alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

45
Q

what do the alveolar macrophages (dust cells) do?

A

phagocytosing inhaled particles that may have escaped entrapment by the mucous lining of the airway.

They typically will migrate up the bronchial tree, transported by ciliary action, to the pharynx where they are swallowed or will move into the septal connective tissue where they will remain.

46
Q

where can you find alveolar macrophages (dust cells) in the alveoli

A

free cells either in the SEPTA or migrating over the LUMINAL SURFACES of the alveoli

47
Q

what is the alveolar wall

A

the air blood barrier

48
Q

the septa between alveoli are permeated by what?

A

capillary networks

49
Q

The air- blood barrier consists of

A

the Type I cell,
the endothelial cell and the basal lamina of each.

50
Q

what is the visceral pleura

A

a multi layered membrane that covers the lungs

51
Q

name the layers of the visceral pleura

A

outer and underlying layers

52
Q

describe the outer layer of the visceral pleura - whats it made of

A

simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium backed by layers of fibrous and elastic connective tissue

53
Q

the visceral pleura would face the parietal pleura which is a similar but generally simpler membrane lining the thoracic cavity. Between the two would be a ………. containing a small amount of lubricating fluid.

A

pleural cavity

First Year med - dundee (58 decks)

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