50R. respiratory histology

Question 1

what cells line the nasal cavity

Answer 1

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 2

what other cells are within pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium) lining the nasal cavity

Answer 2

goblet cells, basal cell, lamina propria/submucosa(connective tissue)

Question 3

The nasal cavity lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells do what to inspired air

Answer 3

warm, moisten and filter

Question 4

in addition to the roof of the nasal cavity there is a specialised area. what is this.

Answer 4

olfactory epithelium

Question 5

Underneath the respiratory epithelium (RE) in the Nasal cavity there is the lamina propria, a band of loose connective tissue containing what? ……….(SM) and thin-walled ………..?(V) which can quickly engorge with blood and ‘block’ the nose

Answer 5

seromucous glands

venous sinuses

Question 6

what is the front part of the nasal cavity called, just inside the nostrils

Answer 6

vestibule

Question 7

what is the vestibule lined with

Answer 7

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium which then transitions to respiratory epithelium deeper in

Question 8

what are the 3 types of pharynx

Answer 8

nasopharynx
oropharynx
hypopharynx

Question 9

what is the oropharynx lined by

Answer 9

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium to resist abrasion from food and air

Question 10

what is the larynx composed of and lined by

Answer 10

cartilage and muscles
lined by respiratory epithelium

Question 11

the larynx is made up of cartilage and muscles and lined by respiratory epithelium except for what structure

Answer 11

vocal folds

Question 12

what cells are vocal folds lined with

Answer 12

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 13

what is epiglottis

Answer 13

cartilage of the larynx

Question 14

what is in the larynx

Answer 14

ventricular fold, ventricles, vocal fold, vocalis muscle, mucous glands, infraglottic cavity

Question 15

which vertebrae does the trachea start

Answer 15

C6 just below the cricoid cartilage of the larynx

Question 16

what type of cartilage is in trachea

Answer 16

C shaped

Question 17

how many C shaped cartilages in a trachea

Answer 17

15-20

Question 18

The trachea is continuous with the larynx. When does it terminate

Answer 18

when dividing into the main bronchi

Question 19

The open side of the ‘C’ of the cartilage in the trachea is spanned by what tissue? and smooth muscle. What muscle?

Answer 19

fibroelastic
trachealis muscle

Question 20

what lines the trachea

Answer 20

respiritory epithelia backed by basal lamina and lamina propria of connective tissue with lots of elastic fibres and submucosa of connective tissue that has many seromucous glands

Question 21

the trachea splits into ……?? main bronchi

Answer 21

2

Question 22

the wall of the bronchus is made from what

Answer 22

respiratory epithelium, lamina propria and some of the cartilage is replaced with muscularis (a ring of smooth muscle) and submucosa with adipose tissue and some seromucous glands

Question 23

as the bronchi branch becomes smaller the cartilage starts to do what

Answer 23

become more discontinuous and is finally lost when airway is about 1mm in diameter

Question 24

These smaller airways lacking cartilage are called…..

Answer 24

bronchioles

Question 25

what else besides cartilage do bronchioles lack

Answer 25

glands

Question 26

will bronchioles contain many, few or no goblet cells

Answer 26

few

Question 27

what lines bronchioles

Answer 27

cuboidal epithelial cells

Question 28

The smallest bronchioles lack respiratory (gas exchange) function are referred to as what

Answer 28

terminal bronchioles

Question 29

terminal bronchioles give rise to bronchiole that have respiratory function. these are called what?

Answer 29

respiratory bronchioles

Question 30

The smooth muscle (SM) of the bronchioles respond to .....................innervation, ...................and other factors by contracting and constricting the diameter of the bronchiole.

Answer 30

parasympathetic and histamine

Question 31

smooth muscle contraction in the brochioles as a resullt of histamine, parasympathetic innervation and other factors plays a significant role in what reactions

Answer 31

asthma attacks and allergic reactions

Question 32

terminal bronchioles are lined with what and also contain what cells

Answer 32

cuboidal ciliated epithelium and non ciliated club cells

Question 34

alveoli are lined with what cells

Answer 34

type I alveolar cells (also called type I pneumocytes)

Question 35

The respiratory bronchioles are the ...........of the respiratory portion of the airways.

Answer 35

beginning

Question 36

whats the difference between conducting airways and respiratory airways

Answer 36

Conducting- start from the trachea and go all the way to the terminal bronchioles. These parts just help air travel in and out, but they don't do any gas exchange (no swapping of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood). Respiratory - The terminal bronchioles lead to respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs. This is where the magic happens! The alveoli are where the oxygen gets into your blood and the waste gas (carbon dioxide) gets out.

Question 37

what are the alveoli and what nature do they make the lungs

Answer 37

terminal portions of the bronchial tree and are responsible for the spongy nature of the lungs. Nature - Spongy

Question 38

what do alveoli in histology resemble

Answer 38

honeycomb

Question 39

Within alveoli oxygen and CO2 are exchanged. There are about ................. alveoli in each lung.

Answer 39

300 million

Question 40

alveoli is lined by what

Answer 40

type 1 and 2 alveolar cells (pneumocytes) - simple squamous

Question 41

the cells in the alveoli provide what barrier

Answer 41

minimal thickness that is permeable to gas exchange

Question 42

describe type 2 alveolar cells

Answer 42

polygonal shape/ cuboidal covered in microvilli lamellar bodies containing surfactant

Question 43

how is the surfactant released and what does it do/reduce?

Answer 43

The surfactant is released by exocytosis and spreads over the pulmonary surface to reduce the surface tension at the air-fluid interface. This reduces the tendency for the alveoli to collapse at the end of expiration.

Question 44

what else apart from type 1 and 2 alveolar cells are present in the alveoli

Answer 44

alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

Question 45

what do the alveolar macrophages (dust cells) do?

Answer 45

phagocytosing inhaled particles that may have escaped entrapment by the mucous lining of the airway. They typically will migrate up the bronchial tree, transported by ciliary action, to the pharynx where they are swallowed or will move into the septal connective tissue where they will remain.

Question 46

where can you find alveolar macrophages (dust cells) in the alveoli

Answer 46

free cells either in the SEPTA or migrating over the LUMINAL SURFACES of the alveoli

Question 47

what is the alveolar wall

Answer 47

the air blood barrier

Question 48

the septa between alveoli are permeated by what?

Answer 48

capillary networks

Question 49

The air- blood barrier consists of

Answer 49

the Type I cell, the endothelial cell and the basal lamina of each.

Question 50

what is the visceral pleura

Answer 50

a multi layered membrane that covers the lungs

Question 51

name the layers of the visceral pleura

Answer 51

outer and underlying layers

Question 52

describe the outer layer of the visceral pleura - whats it made of

Answer 52

simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium backed by layers of fibrous and elastic connective tissue

Question 53

the visceral pleura would face the parietal pleura which is a similar but generally simpler membrane lining the thoracic cavity. Between the two would be a .......... containing a small amount of lubricating fluid.

Answer 53

pleural cavity