62. Cellular Metabolism - Glycolysis

Question 1

what is anabolism

Answer 1

assimilation of molecules and complex structures
-requires energy

Question 2

what is catabolism

Answer 2

breakdown of molecules to obtain the anabolic ‘building blocks’ and energy
aka the break down of molecules to yield energy

Question 3

Catabolic pathways oxidise macromolecules, thereby creating what

Answer 3

ATP

Question 4

ATP can be used to drive biosynthetic reactions like what

Answer 4

anabolism

Question 5

if you gain an electron it is oxidation or reduction

Answer 5

reduction

Question 6

If you lose an electron it is oxidation or reduction

Answer 6

oxidation

Question 7

anabolism causes
oxidised products to become reduced
or
reduced products to become oxidised

Answer 7

oxidised products to become reduced

Question 8

catabolism causes
oxidised products to become reduced
or
reduced products to become oxidised

Answer 8

reduced products to become oxidised

Question 9

what is the most important carbohydrate

Answer 9

glucose

Question 10

how many carbons in glucose

Answer 10

6

Question 11

Low blood glucose levels effect your brain and you become …?

Answer 11

confused and delirious

Question 12

what is ATP s structure

Answer 12

3 phoshate groups
1 ribose sugar
1 adenine (nitrogenous base)
aka adenosine triphophate

Question 13

what is Glucotoxicity

Answer 13

Mammalian cells/tissue cannot tolerate chronic hyperglycemia (Diabetes)

Glucose stored as an inert polysaccharide

Question 14

Glucose stored as an inert polysaccharide called

Answer 14

glycogen

Question 15

What transports glucose into cells

Answer 15

Na+/glucose symporters and passive diffusion glucose transporters

Question 16

name me the 5 glucose transporters and where they are

Answer 16

GLUT 1 brain
GLUT 2 Liver
GLUT 3 Brain
GLUT 4 Muscle/adipose tissue
GLUT 5 Gut

Question 17

which GLUT has a high Km

Answer 17

GLUT 2 - liver

Question 18

which GLUT has a low Km

Answer 18

GLUTE 1 and 3 - Brain

Question 19

where does glycolysis occur

Answer 19

cytoplasm

Question 20

what is the NET gain of glycolysis

Answer 20

2 pyruvate
2 NADH
2 ATP

Question 21

describe phase one of glycolysis

Answer 21

2 ATP used and hexokinase used to break glucose down to fructose 1,6 biphosphate

Question 22

describe phase one of glycolysis

Answer 22

fructose 1,6 biphosphate became
2x triose phosphates because of phosphofructokinase

Question 23

describe phase three of glycolysis

Answer 23

4 ADP into 4 ATP and used
2 NAH+ to 2 NADH to go from
2x triose phosphates to
2x pyruvate
(pyruvate kinase?)

Question 24

glycolysis primes for …..

Answer 24

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 25

what is the purpose of glycolysis

Answer 25

• production of ATP
• provision of building blocks for synthetic reactions

Question 26

the 3 control points are the enzymes. name them.

Answer 26

hexokinase
phosphofructokinase
pyruvate kinase

Question 27

the ATP/AMP ratio is called the

Answer 27

energy charge

Question 28

if all adenylate nucleotides are in the shape of ATP, the cell is fully

Answer 28

‘charged’

Question 29

if the cell only contains AMP and Pi
, it is

Answer 29

‘discharged’

Question 30

where does the 2 pyruvate and 2 NADH + H+ go next

Answer 30

2 pyruvate goes to the citric acid cycle

2 NADH + H+ go to the electron transport chain

Question 31

lactate is now know to be a what molecule

Answer 31

signaling

Question 32

what is used to ferment pyruvate to lactic acid (lactate)

Answer 32

NADH

Question 33

what is the warburg effect

Answer 33

the up regulation of glycolysis in cancer cells

Question 34

tumours can be treated with enzymes that inhibit glycolysis. what enzyme is this

Answer 34

dichloroacetate

Question 35

cancer cells have a …………. Km Hexokinase

Answer 35

low