62. Cellular Metabolism - Glycolysis Flashcards
what is anabolism
assimilation of molecules and complex structures
-requires energy
what is catabolism
breakdown of molecules to obtain the anabolic ‘building blocks’ and energy
aka the break down of molecules to yield energy
Catabolic pathways oxidise macromolecules, thereby creating what
ATP
ATP can be used to drive biosynthetic reactions like what
anabolism
if you gain an electron it is oxidation or reduction
reduction
If you lose an electron it is oxidation or reduction
oxidation
anabolism causes
oxidised products to become reduced
or
reduced products to become oxidised
oxidised products to become reduced
catabolism causes
oxidised products to become reduced
or
reduced products to become oxidised
reduced products to become oxidised
what is the most important carbohydrate
glucose
how many carbons in glucose
6
Low blood glucose levels effect your brain and you become …?
confused and delirious
what is ATP s structure
3 phoshate groups
1 ribose sugar
1 adenine (nitrogenous base)
aka adenosine triphophate
what is Glucotoxicity
Mammalian cells/tissue cannot tolerate chronic hyperglycemia (Diabetes)
Glucose stored as an inert polysaccharide
Glucose stored as an inert polysaccharide called
glycogen
What transports glucose into cells
Na+/glucose symporters and passive diffusion glucose transporters
name me the 5 glucose transporters and where they are
GLUT 1 brain
GLUT 2 Liver
GLUT 3 Brain
GLUT 4 Muscle/adipose tissue
GLUT 5 Gut
which GLUT has a high Km
GLUT 2 - liver
which GLUT has a low Km
GLUTE 1 and 3 - Brain
where does glycolysis occur
cytoplasm
what is the NET gain of glycolysis
2 pyruvate
2 NADH
2 ATP
describe phase one of glycolysis
2 ATP used and hexokinase used to break glucose down to fructose 1,6 biphosphate
describe phase one of glycolysis
fructose 1,6 biphosphate became
2x triose phosphates because of phosphofructokinase
describe phase three of glycolysis
4 ADP into 4 ATP and used
2 NAH+ to 2 NADH to go from
2x triose phosphates to
2x pyruvate
(pyruvate kinase?)
glycolysis primes for …..
oxidative phosphorylation
what is the purpose of glycolysis
- production of ATP
- provision of building blocks for synthetic reactions
the 3 control points are the enzymes. name them.
hexokinase
phosphofructokinase
pyruvate kinase
the ATP/AMP ratio is called the
energy charge
if all adenylate nucleotides are in the shape of ATP, the cell is fully
‘charged’
if the cell only contains AMP and Pi
, it is
‘discharged’
where does the 2 pyruvate and 2 NADH + H+ go next
2 pyruvate goes to the citric acid cycle
2 NADH + H+ go to the electron transport chain
lactate is now know to be a what molecule
signaling
what is used to ferment pyruvate to lactic acid (lactate)
NADH
what is the warburg effect
the up regulation of glycolysis in cancer cells
tumours can be treated with enzymes that inhibit glycolysis. what enzyme is this
dichloroacetate
cancer cells have a …………. Km Hexokinase
low
