62. Cellular Metabolism - Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

what is anabolism

A

assimilation of molecules and complex structures
-requires energy

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2
Q

what is catabolism

A

breakdown of molecules to obtain the anabolic ‘building blocks’ and energy
aka the break down of molecules to yield energy

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3
Q

Catabolic pathways oxidise macromolecules, thereby creating what

A

ATP

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4
Q

ATP can be used to drive biosynthetic reactions like what

A

anabolism

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5
Q

if you gain an electron it is oxidation or reduction

A

reduction

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6
Q

If you lose an electron it is oxidation or reduction

A

oxidation

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7
Q

anabolism causes
oxidised products to become reduced
or
reduced products to become oxidised

A

oxidised products to become reduced

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8
Q

catabolism causes
oxidised products to become reduced
or
reduced products to become oxidised

A

reduced products to become oxidised

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9
Q

what is the most important carbohydrate

A

glucose

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10
Q

how many carbons in glucose

A

6

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11
Q

Low blood glucose levels effect your brain and you become …?

A

confused and delirious

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12
Q

what is ATP s structure

A

3 phoshate groups
1 ribose sugar
1 adenine (nitrogenous base)
aka adenosine triphophate

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13
Q

what is Glucotoxicity

A

Mammalian cells/tissue cannot tolerate chronic hyperglycemia (Diabetes)

Glucose stored as an inert polysaccharide

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14
Q

Glucose stored as an inert polysaccharide called

A

glycogen

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15
Q

What transports glucose into cells

A

Na+/glucose symporters and passive diffusion glucose transporters

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16
Q

name me the 5 glucose transporters and where they are

A

GLUT 1 brain
GLUT 2 Liver
GLUT 3 Brain
GLUT 4 Muscle/adipose tissue
GLUT 5 Gut

17
Q

which GLUT has a high Km

A

GLUT 2 - liver

18
Q

which GLUT has a low Km

A

GLUTE 1 and 3 - Brain

19
Q

where does glycolysis occur

20
Q

what is the NET gain of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate
2 NADH
2 ATP

21
Q

describe phase one of glycolysis

A

2 ATP used and hexokinase used to break glucose down to fructose 1,6 biphosphate

22
Q

describe phase one of glycolysis

A

fructose 1,6 biphosphate became
2x triose phosphates because of phosphofructokinase

23
Q

describe phase three of glycolysis

A

4 ADP into 4 ATP and used
2 NAH+ to 2 NADH to go from
2x triose phosphates to
2x pyruvate
(pyruvate kinase?)

24
Q

glycolysis primes for …..

A

oxidative phosphorylation

25
what is the purpose of glycolysis
- production of ATP - provision of building blocks for synthetic reactions
26
the 3 control points are the enzymes. name them.
hexokinase phosphofructokinase pyruvate kinase
27
the ATP/AMP ratio is called the
energy charge
28
if all adenylate nucleotides are in the shape of ATP, the cell is fully
‘charged’
29
if the cell only contains AMP and Pi , it is
‘discharged’
30
where does the 2 pyruvate and 2 NADH + H+ go next
2 pyruvate goes to the citric acid cycle 2 NADH + H+ go to the electron transport chain
31
lactate is now know to be a what molecule
signaling
32
what is used to ferment pyruvate to lactic acid (lactate)
NADH
33
what is the warburg effect
the up regulation of glycolysis in cancer cells
34
tumours can be treated with enzymes that inhibit glycolysis. what enzyme is this
dichloroacetate
35
cancer cells have a ............. Km Hexokinase
low