96. Lipids in Health and Disease Flashcards
Cholesterol Functions in Health (name 3)
- Plasma Membrane: Cholesterol helps maintain membrane integrity and acts as a barrier to ions and solutes.
- Cell Signalling: Forms lipid rafts that facilitate communication between receptor proteins and second messengers.
- Precursor Molecule: Essential for the synthesis of bile acids, vitamin D, and steroid hormones.
Triglycerides Functions in Health (name 2)
Cell Membranes: Similar to cholesterol, they have both polar and non-polar regions.
Energy Storage: Serve as highly concentrated energy stores.
Specialized proteins that transport lipids in the blood due to their hydrophobic nature.
Lipoproteins
describe Lipoproteins
Specialized proteins that transport lipids in the blood due to their hydrophobic nature.
name the types of lipoproteins (4)
VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL, each varying in density and lipid content.
Cholesterol Transport. where are the 2 places lipids are transported to
liver to tissues
tissues to liver
when cholesterol is being carried from the liver to the tissues. what is it being carried by……. which then becomes ….. and then? why?
From Liver to Tissues: Carried by VLDL, which becomes IDL and then LDL as it loses triglycerides.
when cholesterol is being carried to the liver from the tissues. what is it being carried by…….
HDL
Atherosclerosis is essentially …………of the arterial walls.
inflammation
arly lesions consisting of lipid-laden white blood cells are called
fatty streaks
Describe Fibrous Cap Formation
Advanced lesions form a fibrous cap over a necrotic core.
Plaque Rupture: Leads to what?
thrombosis and potential artery occlusion.
The Lipid Hypothesis was propsed by who and when?
Virchow in 1856
what was the lipid hypothesis
Linking cholesterol and saturated fat to cardiovascular disease.
which trials showed clear benefits in reducing cardiovascular events
Statins
what are types of medical research
Expert Opinion: Insights from specialists in the field.
Case Reports/Case Series: Detailed reports of individual or series of cases.
Case-Control Studies: Compare groups with different outcomes to identify causal factors.
Cohort Studies: Follow groups over time to study risk factors and outcomes.
Randomised Clinical Trials (RCTs): Participants are randomly assigned to treatment or control groups to test interventions.
Systematic Reviews: Comprehensive reviews of all relevant high-quality studies on a specific question.
Meta-Analyses: Statistical techniques to combine results from multiple studies.
1990s Trials: Demonstrated that statins reduce cardiovascular events by ….
25-30%
Explain Statins: Modes of Action
Cholesterol Synthesis: Statins inhibit cholesterol synthesis in the liver, leading to increased LDL receptor expression and reduced blood cholesterol levels.
Beyond Cholesterol: Statins also reduce inflammation and stabilize atheromatous plaques, preventing their formation and progression.
what does VLDL stand for
very low density lipoprotein
what does IDL stand for
intermediate density lipoprotein
LDL Clearance
If not enough LDL is cleared from the bloodstream, it accumulates.
Inflammation and Cholesterol Transport:
inflammation inhibits what?
which causes?
Inflammation: Inhibits reverse cholesterol transport (the process of removing cholesterol from tissues and returning it to the liver).
Vicious Cycle: Increased LDL leads to more inflammation, which further inhibits cholesterol clearance, creating a cycle of worsening conditions.
where does atherosclerosis take place
endothelium of arteries
what are early changes in atherosclerosis
- increased endothelial permeability to lipoproteins and other plasma constituents
- up-regulation of leucocyte (white blood cell) and endothelial adhesion molecules; and migration of leucocytes into the artery wall.
- This last is mediated by various things notably including oxidised low-density lipoprotein (LDL).
Macrophages laden with lipids are called ……cells
foam
what are foam cells
Macrophages laden with lipids
The fibrous cap covers a mixture of leucocytes, lipid, and debris, which may form a what
necrotic core
