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First Year > 37. Microbiology > Flashcards

37. Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

shapes- spheres

A

coccus/cocci

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2
Q

rod shaped

A

bacillus/bacilli

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3
Q

slightly curved rod

A

Vibiro

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4
Q

vibrio gram negative or positive

A

gram negative

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5
Q

antibiotics for staph aureus

A

flucloxacillin IV

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6
Q

antibiotics for staph epidermis

A

Vancomycin IV

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7
Q

antibiotics for strep pyrogenes (GAS)

A

doxycycline

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8
Q

antibiotics for Gram negatives

A

clindamycin

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9
Q

flucloxacillin IV is for what infection

A

staph aureus

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10
Q

Vancomycin IV is the drug for what infection

A

staph epidermis

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11
Q

doxycycline is the drug for what infection

A

strep pyrogenes (GAS)

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12
Q

clindamycin is the drug for what infection

A

gram negatives

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13
Q

rigid spiral bacterium

A

spirillum

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14
Q

flexible spiral bacterium

A

spirochete

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15
Q

neisseria meningitidis and neisseria gonorrhoeae are examples of what

A

gram negative cocci

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16
Q

gram negative cocci associated with the GI tract are..

A

gut commensal gut coliforms (many are part of normal bowel flora)

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17
Q

If gut commensal coliforms get into sterile environments they can cause

A

UTIs

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18
Q

what if the first line antibiotic do you use to treat coliforms

A

Gentamicin

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19
Q

Only Streptococcus can be identified by

A

Haemolyisis

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20
Q

streptococcus is gram what

A

positive

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21
Q

GAS: numerous associated diseases such as and when haemolysis is tested it is

A

scarlet fever, impetigo, beta- haemolytic

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22
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae:
Haemolysis result?
What colour does it stain

A

pneumonia,
alpha-haemolytic
Green

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23
Q

Staphylococcus epidermis and Staphylococcus aureus. which is coagulase negative and which is coagulase positive

A

Staphylococcus epidermis is negative and Staphylococcus aureus is positive

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24
Q

give an example of where Staphylococcus epidermis is contracted

A

Nosocomial

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25
staph epidermis is Nosocomial because it is associated with what devices
foreign devices such as catheters
26
give examples of where Staphylococcus aureus is contracted
community and nosocomial
27
Which gram positive pathogen appears golden
staph aureus
28
staph aureus forms what shape
clumps
29
skin, soft tissue and wound infections are most commonly caused by what pathogen (and sepsis)
gram positive staph aureus
30
enteric infections that are y-haemolytic are...
enterococcus
31
where is enterococcus found
normal bowel flora but it is a problem if it gats into sterile areas
32
what else is part of normal bowel flora that produces exotoxins which cause serious tissue damage
Clostridium spp.
33
give an example of a Clostridium spp.
Clostridium Difficile
34
what does Clostridium Difficile cause and when would it do this
antibiotic associated diarrhoea especially in elderly people and proliferates in the absence of normal bowel flora
35
Name the antibiotics that act on the bacterial cell wall
penicillin's eg. flucloxacillin, amoxicillin Cephalosporins eg. cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefalexin Glycopeptides eg Vancomycin
36
describe the properties of Penicillins
beta lactam few side effects range from narrow to broad spectrum excreted rapidly from kidneys safe in pregnancy people can be allergic
37
describe the properties of Cephalosporins
modified beta lactams excreted via kidneys and urine safe in pregnancy
38
describe the properties of glycopeptides
not absorbed when given orally (has to be IV) side effects - damages kidneys and occasionally causes red man syndrome (allergy)
39
Name the antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis
Macrolides eg erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin Aminoglycosides eg. gentamicin clindamycin Chloramphenicol tetracyclines
40
which antibiotic is given to those with penicillin allergy
clindamycin or erythromycin
41
which antibiotic is given to those with topical eye infections
chloramphenicol
42
describe the properties of macrolides
excreted via liver, biliary tract and into the gut lipophilic- easily pass through cell membranes erythromycin is safe in pregnancy
43
describe the properties of aminoglycosides
must be IV mainly active aginst gram -ve aerobic organisms excreted in urine side effects- kidney damage,deafness/dizziness
44
describe the properties of Clindamycin
2nd line against serious staphylococcal and streptococcus infection, especially in penicillin allergic patients
45
Name the antibiotics that act on bacterial dna
metronidazole trimethoprim Fluoroquinolones - ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin
46
describe the properties of metronidazole
oral and IV breaks strands of dna used for infections of true anaerobes and some by protozoa interactions with alcohol
47
describe the properties of trimethoprim
inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis
48
describe the properties of fluoroquinolones
bactericidal use is severely restricted (risk of C.difficile) only antibiotics that can be given orally for Pseudomonas side effects - weakens tendons, joint damage in young kids, may cause seizures interacts with topoisomerases - bacteria can no longer replicate
49
which antibiotics are mainly given to gram negative aerobic organisms
aminoglycosides such as gentamicin and clindamicin
50
what is used as a beta lactamase inhibitor especially if amoxicillin won't cut it
co-amoxiclav
51
what are the 4 phases of bacterial growth in order
lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, decline phase
52
Describe the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria:
thick layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall retains primary Gram stain (purple) exotoxins
53
Describe the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria:
thinner peptidoglycan layer, allows crystal violet to wash out and are stained by counterstain (pink) endotoxins LPS
54
which organisms are each haemolytic section? aka Alpha - ? Beta - ? Gamma - ?
Strep Pneumoniae Strep Pyogenes GAS Enterococcus
55
name the 2 types of defensive structures of a bacteria
spore capsule
56
what are capsules made of
polysaccharides
57
aerobes?
grow in O2
58
Obligate aerobes
require O2
59
facultative anaerobes
tolerate O2
60
Obligate anaerobes
killed by O2
61
Bacteria inside a biofilm are much more/less resistant to antimicrobial agents
more
62
Anaerobes treated with
metronidazole, cotriomazol
63
C diff. and the 4 Cs
- Co-amoxiclav, cephalosporins, clindamycin, ciprofloxin - Broad spectrum agents alter nomal gut flora - Clostridioides difficile (CDI) proliferates → causes diarrhoea and spreads - Avoid if possible
64
carbapenem - Betalactam or no
yes

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