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First Year med - dundee > 46R. Respiratory - Overview of respiration and respiratory mechanics > Flashcards

46R. Respiratory - Overview of respiration and respiratory mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 steps in respiration

A
  • ventilation
  • Gas exchange between alveoli and blood
  • Gas transport in the blood
  • Gas exchange at the tissue level
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2
Q

what is ventilation

A

the mechanical process of moving gas in and out of the lungs

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3
Q

what is the gas exchange between alveoli and blood briefly

A

the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries

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4
Q

describe the gas transport in the blood briefly

A

the binding and transport of O2 and CO2 in the circulating blood

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5
Q

what is the gas exchange at the tissue level briefly

A

the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood in the systemic capillaries and the body cells

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6
Q

quiet inspiration and expiration is collectively known as what

A

tidal volume

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7
Q

the process of quiet breathing is under automatic control from what?

A

respiratory control centre

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8
Q

what are the lung mechanics in quiet respiration

A

Air is drawn into the airways by ACTIVE expansion of the thoracic cavity, which in turn expands the lungs

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9
Q

what is BOYLE’s Law

A

inverse relationship between pressure and volume of a gas

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10
Q

describe the changes in pressure during quiet inspiration

A
  • contraction of inspiratory muscles
  • chest wall and lungs stretch
  • increased size of lungs makes intra-alveolar pressure fall
  • then air enters the lungs down the pressure gradient until the intra-alveoli pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure
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11
Q

is inspiration passive or active

A

active

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12
Q

The increase in the size of the lungs make the intra-alveolar pressure to fall. WHY?

A

because air molecules become contained in a larger volume

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13
Q

what are the main muscles in inspiration

A

diaphragm and external intercostal

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14
Q

what are the two mechanics of ventilation with normal quiet inspiration

A

pump handle movement
bucket handle movement

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15
Q

pump handle movement
bucket handle movement
which is anterior and superior movement and which is lateral and superior

A

pump handle movement- anterior
bucket handle movement- lateral

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16
Q

what are the lung mechanics in quiet expiration

A
  • air expelled from airways passively by relaxing muscles of inspiration
  • reduces volume of thoracic cavity
  • reduces volume of lunges
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17
Q

is expiration at rest passive or active

A

passive

18
Q

describe the changes in pressure during quiet respiration

A

relaxation of inspiratory muscles
recoil of chest wall and lungs - elastic properties, return to pre inspiratory size

  1. as the lungs recoil, the space inside them gets smaller so intra-alveolar pressure rises
  2. air then moves from the high pressure out into the low pressure environment (outside the lungs)
  3. air continues to leave until lung pressure and atmospheric pressure are equal
19
Q

what is the resting expiratory level

A

the point before you inspire, having just inspired
lungs- pull inward
chest wall - pulls outward
diaphragm - pulls downward

body wants to go back to this resting state

20
Q

is inspiration active or passive

A

active

21
Q

describe inspiration

A

muscles contract to allow the chest wall to overcome the inward pull of the lung recoil.

This helps the chest wall (increasing space) push out against the inward pull of the lungs.

22
Q

is expiration active or passive

A

passive

23
Q

describe expiration to me simply

A

muscles stop contracting
return to resting expiratory level
diaphragm moves back into resting position
inward pull of lung recoil
air leaves lungs as they are at higher pressure than outside

24
Q

what creates surface tension on alveoli

A

they are lined with fluid

25
Q

what lung structure is lined with fluid to create surface tension and does this improve expansion or limit expansion

A

Alveoli
it limits expansion

26
Q

why does the fluid lining the alveoli causing surface tension limit their expansion

A

decreases compliance making it difficult for alveoli (and therefore lungs) to expand

27
Q

what is secreted by type II pneumocytes

A

surfactant

28
Q

what secretes surfactant

A

type II pneumocytes

29
Q

what does surfactant do

A

has detergent like properties

  • stabilizes inflation of alveoli
  • prevents collapse
    By reducing surface tension, surfactant helps keep the alveoli open, preventing them from collapsing
  • reduces surface tension
  • prevents atelectasis (in combination alveolar interdependence)

As the alveoli inflate during inspiration, surface tension increases, and as they deflate during expiration, surface tension decreases

30
Q

what is atelectasis

A

lung collapse

31
Q

how does surfactant prevent atelectasis

A

By stabilizing the alveoli and reducing surface tension, surfactant helps prevent atelectasis

32
Q

who might have underdeveloped surfactant release

A

newborns before 25 weeks

33
Q

the lungs naturally want to pull in. Why?

A

elastic properties

34
Q

are the lungs physically attached to the cell wall

A

no

35
Q

what is pleural fluid

A

a thin layer of fluid found in the space between the visceral pleura (covering the lungs) and the parietal pleura (lining the chest wall)

36
Q

what is the pleural seal

A

the pleural fluid creates a seal between the lung and the thoracic wall so this is what keeps the lungs against the chest wall

37
Q

The inward pull of the lung results in a ………. pressure between the pleura

A

negative

38
Q

explain why the inward pull of the lung results in a negative pressure between the pleura

A

Pressure in the pleura space (between visceral and parietal pleura) is negative (relative to atmospheric) due to: elastic recoil of lung pulling visceral pleura inward and chest wall pulling parietal pleura outward

Sticking Together: This suction keeps the (lungs) stuck to the inside of the (chest wall).

39
Q

what stage is the intrapleural pressure negative

A

never. it is negative through expiration and inspiration

40
Q

what is intrapleural pressure

A

the pressure in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural space)

41
Q

what is called when air gets into the pleural cavity

A

Pneumothorax

42
Q

what causes a pneumothorax

A

chest injury
lung disease
medical procedure

First Year med - dundee (58 decks)

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