12. Bones Flashcards
what is the process of the development of bones called
Endochondral ossification
describe endochondral ossification
initial small, hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bone (ossification)
at each end of a growing bone is…
an epiphysis, an epiphysis growth plate, Metaphysis. Diaphysis is found between the two ends
Diaphysis is the shaft when the growth plate of what finally ossifies?
Hyaline cartilage
Inside a bone there are two ‘Fillings’. Outer’…..’ and Inner ‘….’
Outer cortex and inner medulla
describe the outer cortex of a bone
dense, strong, heavy. Compact (cortical) bone
describe the inner medulla of a bone
porous, weaker, lighter. Spongy (trabeculler/cancellous) bone
what can the inner medulla sometime contain
bone marrow
what is bone marrow the site of
RBC and WBC production
Structure of bone - what is the periosteum
fibrous connective tissue ‘sleeve’ that is vascularized
what is the fibrous connective tissue ‘sleeve’ that is vascularized called
periosteum
why do bony features arise on bones - 3 reasons
Functional - best shape for the job (genetic)
An adjacent structure applies force to a developing bone
An adjacent structure is developing at the same time
The floor of the cranial cavity (the space inside the skull) is divided into how many fossae
3
what are fossae
a depression or hollow in a bone or other part of the body. Serve various functions, such as accommodating structures like muscles, nerves, or blood vessels. AKA fossa = space
name the 3 fossae in the cranial cavity
anterior middle and posterior fossae
what term is used to describe a “hole” for example for cranial nerves & the brain’s blood vessels to pass into/out of the cranial cavity
Foramen (singular) Foraminae (plural)
after a fracture of a bone, what structure helps heal the bone by forming around it
callus
how would you help heal a bone surgically
titanium plate and screws
how do we split the skeleton in two sections
Axial and appendicular
what is included in an axial skeleton
skull, neck (cervical vert and hyoid), bones of trunk (chest, abdomen and back(sternum etc))
what is included in an appendicular skeleton
bones of pectoral girdle, upper limbs, lower limbs and bones of pelvic girdle
bones of the skull are slip in two
bones of the facial skeleton (viscerocranium)
bones of the cranial vault (neurocranium)
name bones of the cranial vault
frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid
name the bones of the facial skeleton
nasal, zygoma (zygomatic bone), maxilla, mandible
what is the name of the foramen in the skull
foramen magnum
name the plate in the ethmoid bone
cribriform plate
how many vertabrae in an adult column
33
name the 5 sections of the spine
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
how many cervical vertabrae
7 (C1-C7) (top two atlas and axial)
how many thoracic vertabrae
12 (T1-T12)
how many lumbar vertabrae
5 (L1-L5)
how many sacral vertabrae
5 however fused to form one sacrum
how many coccygael vertabrae
- fused to fom one coccyx
why do vertabrae get bigger as you go superior to inferior
- have to bear more weight
become smaller once weight is transferred to hips
what are the two types of curvature of the vertabral column
primary and secondary. It goes P,S,P,S as you go neck to base
name the features of a typical vertabra
spinous process, transverse process x2, inferior articular process x2, Superior process x2, vertabral foramen, vertabral body, vertabral arch (consisting of x2 lamina and x2 pedicle)
Name the 2 invertabral foraminae
invertebral foramen
facet joint
What is different about C1 Atlas
does not have a body or spinous process
has a posterior arch and anterior arch instead
what makes Axis C2 different
has an odontoid process which projects superiorly from body
how many pairs of ribs
12
name the 3 types of ribs
true, false, floating
explain true ribs
1-7 attach via their costal cartilage to the sternum
explain false ribs
8-10 attach via the costal cartilage above to the sternum
explain floating ribs
no attachement to sternum (11- 12)
what is special about rib 1
protected by clavicle and is least likely to be fractured
pectoral girdle is…
2 scapulae and 2 clavicles
pelvic girdle is…
2 hip bones and sacrum
functions of bone
support and protection of body organs, calcium metabolism , red blood cell formation, attachment for skeletal muscles
what is bone
hard, connective tissue
what is cartilage
less rigid than bone, located where mobility is required at articulations (joint)
where does movement of the skeleton confirm
joints
