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First Year med - dundee > 12. Bones > Flashcards

12. Bones Flashcards

1
Q

what is the process of the development of bones called

A

Endochondral ossification

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2
Q

describe endochondral ossification

A

initial small, hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bone (ossification)

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3
Q

at each end of a growing bone is…

A

an epiphysis, an epiphysis growth plate, Metaphysis. Diaphysis is found between the two ends

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4
Q

Diaphysis is the shaft when the growth plate of what finally ossifies?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

Inside a bone there are two ‘Fillings’. Outer’…..’ and Inner ‘….’

A

Outer cortex and inner medulla

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6
Q

describe the outer cortex of a bone

A

dense, strong, heavy. Compact (cortical) bone

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7
Q

describe the inner medulla of a bone

A

porous, weaker, lighter. Spongy (trabeculler/cancellous) bone

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8
Q

what can the inner medulla sometime contain

A

bone marrow

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9
Q

what is bone marrow the site of

A

RBC and WBC production

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10
Q

Structure of bone - what is the periosteum

A

fibrous connective tissue ‘sleeve’ that is vascularized

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11
Q

what is the fibrous connective tissue ‘sleeve’ that is vascularized called

A

periosteum

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12
Q

why do bony features arise on bones - 3 reasons

A

Functional - best shape for the job (genetic)
An adjacent structure applies force to a developing bone
An adjacent structure is developing at the same time

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13
Q

The floor of the cranial cavity (the space inside the skull) is divided into how many fossae

A

3

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14
Q

what are fossae

A

a depression or hollow in a bone or other part of the body. Serve various functions, such as accommodating structures like muscles, nerves, or blood vessels. AKA fossa = space

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15
Q

name the 3 fossae in the cranial cavity

A

anterior middle and posterior fossae

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16
Q

what term is used to describe a “hole” for example for cranial nerves & the brain’s blood vessels to pass into/out of the cranial cavity

A

Foramen (singular) Foraminae (plural)

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17
Q

after a fracture of a bone, what structure helps heal the bone by forming around it

A

callus

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18
Q

how would you help heal a bone surgically

A

titanium plate and screws

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19
Q

how do we split the skeleton in two sections

A

Axial and appendicular

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20
Q

what is included in an axial skeleton

A

skull, neck (cervical vert and hyoid), bones of trunk (chest, abdomen and back(sternum etc))

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21
Q

what is included in an appendicular skeleton

A

bones of pectoral girdle, upper limbs, lower limbs and bones of pelvic girdle

22
Q

bones of the skull are slip in two

A

bones of the facial skeleton (viscerocranium)
bones of the cranial vault (neurocranium)

23
Q

name bones of the cranial vault

A

frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid

24
Q

name the bones of the facial skeleton

A

nasal, zygoma (zygomatic bone), maxilla, mandible

25
Q

what is the name of the foramen in the skull

A

foramen magnum

26
Q

name the plate in the ethmoid bone

A

cribriform plate

27
Q

how many vertabrae in an adult column

A

33

28
Q

name the 5 sections of the spine

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

29
Q

how many cervical vertabrae

A

7 (C1-C7) (top two atlas and axial)

30
Q

how many thoracic vertabrae

A

12 (T1-T12)

31
Q

how many lumbar vertabrae

A

5 (L1-L5)

32
Q

how many sacral vertabrae

A

5 however fused to form one sacrum

33
Q

how many coccygael vertabrae

A
  1. fused to fom one coccyx
34
Q

why do vertabrae get bigger as you go superior to inferior

A
  • have to bear more weight
    become smaller once weight is transferred to hips
35
Q

what are the two types of curvature of the vertabral column

A

primary and secondary. It goes P,S,P,S as you go neck to base

36
Q

name the features of a typical vertabra

A

spinous process, transverse process x2, inferior articular process x2, Superior process x2, vertabral foramen, vertabral body, vertabral arch (consisting of x2 lamina and x2 pedicle)

37
Q

Name the 2 invertabral foraminae

A

invertebral foramen
facet joint

38
Q

What is different about C1 Atlas

A

does not have a body or spinous process
has a posterior arch and anterior arch instead

39
Q

what makes Axis C2 different

A

has an odontoid process which projects superiorly from body

40
Q

how many pairs of ribs

A

12

41
Q

name the 3 types of ribs

A

true, false, floating

42
Q

explain true ribs

A

1-7 attach via their costal cartilage to the sternum

43
Q

explain false ribs

A

8-10 attach via the costal cartilage above to the sternum

44
Q

explain floating ribs

A

no attachement to sternum (11- 12)

45
Q

what is special about rib 1

A

protected by clavicle and is least likely to be fractured

46
Q

pectoral girdle is…

A

2 scapulae and 2 clavicles

47
Q

pelvic girdle is…

A

2 hip bones and sacrum

48
Q

functions of bone

A

support and protection of body organs, calcium metabolism , red blood cell formation, attachment for skeletal muscles

49
Q

what is bone

A

hard, connective tissue

50
Q

what is cartilage

A

less rigid than bone, located where mobility is required at articulations (joint)

51
Q

where does movement of the skeleton confirm

A

joints

First Year med - dundee (14 decks)

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