12. Bones

Question 1

what is the process of the development of bones called

Answer 1

Endochondral ossification

Question 2

describe endochondral ossification

Answer 2

initial small, hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bone (ossification)

Question 3

at each end of a growing bone is…

Answer 3

an epiphysis, an epiphysis growth plate, Metaphysis. Diaphysis is found between the two ends

Question 4

Diaphysis is the shaft when the growth plate of what finally ossifies?

Answer 4

Hyaline cartilage

Question 5

Inside a bone there are two ‘Fillings’. Outer’…..’ and Inner ‘….’

Answer 5

Outer cortex and inner medulla

Question 6

describe the outer cortex of a bone

Answer 6

dense, strong, heavy. Compact (cortical) bone

Question 7

describe the inner medulla of a bone

Answer 7

porous, weaker, lighter. Spongy (trabeculler/cancellous) bone

Question 8

what can the inner medulla sometime contain

Answer 8

bone marrow

Question 9

what is bone marrow the site of

Answer 9

RBC and WBC production

Question 10

Structure of bone - what is the periosteum

Answer 10

fibrous connective tissue ‘sleeve’ that is vascularized

Question 11

what is the fibrous connective tissue ‘sleeve’ that is vascularized called

Answer 11

periosteum

Question 12

why do bony features arise on bones - 3 reasons

Answer 12

Functional - best shape for the job (genetic)
An adjacent structure applies force to a developing bone
An adjacent structure is developing at the same time

Question 13

The floor of the cranial cavity (the space inside the skull) is divided into how many fossae

Answer 13

3

Question 14

what are fossae

Answer 14

a depression or hollow in a bone or other part of the body. Serve various functions, such as accommodating structures like muscles, nerves, or blood vessels. AKA fossa = space

Question 15

name the 3 fossae in the cranial cavity

Answer 15

anterior middle and posterior fossae

Question 16

what term is used to describe a “hole” for example for cranial nerves & the brain’s blood vessels to pass into/out of the cranial cavity

Answer 16

Foramen (singular) Foraminae (plural)

Question 17

after a fracture of a bone, what structure helps heal the bone by forming around it

Answer 17

callus

Question 18

how would you help heal a bone surgically

Answer 18

titanium plate and screws

Question 19

how do we split the skeleton in two sections

Answer 19

Axial and appendicular

Question 20

what is included in an axial skeleton

Answer 20

skull, neck (cervical vert and hyoid), bones of trunk (chest, abdomen and back(sternum etc))

Question 21

what is included in an appendicular skeleton

Answer 21

bones of pectoral girdle, upper limbs, lower limbs and bones of pelvic girdle

Question 22

bones of the skull are slip in two

Answer 22

bones of the facial skeleton (viscerocranium)
bones of the cranial vault (neurocranium)

Question 23

name bones of the cranial vault

Answer 23

frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid

Question 24

name the bones of the facial skeleton

Answer 24

nasal, zygoma (zygomatic bone), maxilla, mandible

Question 25

what is the name of the foramen in the skull

Answer 25

foramen magnum

Question 26

name the plate in the ethmoid bone

Answer 26

cribriform plate

Question 27

how many vertabrae in an adult column

Answer 27

33

Question 28

name the 5 sections of the spine

Answer 28

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

Question 29

how many cervical vertabrae

Answer 29

7 (C1-C7) (top two atlas and axial)

Question 30

how many thoracic vertabrae

Answer 30

12 (T1-T12)

Question 31

how many lumbar vertabrae

Answer 31

5 (L1-L5)

Question 32

how many sacral vertabrae

Answer 32

5 however fused to form one sacrum

Question 33

how many coccygael vertabrae

Answer 33

4. fused to fom one coccyx

Question 34

why do vertabrae get bigger as you go superior to inferior

Answer 34

• have to bear more weight
  become smaller once weight is transferred to hips

Question 35

what are the two types of curvature of the vertabral column

Answer 35

primary and secondary. It goes P,S,P,S as you go neck to base

Question 36

name the features of a typical vertabra

Answer 36

spinous process, transverse process x2, inferior articular process x2, Superior process x2, vertabral foramen, vertabral body, vertabral arch (consisting of x2 lamina and x2 pedicle)

Question 37

Name the 2 invertabral foraminae

Answer 37

invertebral foramen
facet joint

Question 38

What is different about C1 Atlas

Answer 38

does not have a body or spinous process
has a posterior arch and anterior arch instead

Question 39

what makes Axis C2 different

Answer 39

has an odontoid process which projects superiorly from body

Question 40

how many pairs of ribs

Answer 40

12

Question 41

name the 3 types of ribs

Answer 41

true, false, floating

Question 42

explain true ribs

Answer 42

1-7 attach via their costal cartilage to the sternum

Question 43

explain false ribs

Answer 43

8-10 attach via the costal cartilage above to the sternum

Question 44

explain floating ribs

Answer 44

no attachement to sternum (11- 12)

Question 45

what is special about rib 1

Answer 45

protected by clavicle and is least likely to be fractured

Question 46

pectoral girdle is…

Answer 46

2 scapulae and 2 clavicles

Question 47

pelvic girdle is…

Answer 47

2 hip bones and sacrum

Question 48

functions of bone

Answer 48

support and protection of body organs, calcium metabolism , red blood cell formation, attachment for skeletal muscles

Question 49

what is bone

Answer 49

hard, connective tissue

Question 50

what is cartilage

Answer 50

less rigid than bone, located where mobility is required at articulations (joint)

Question 51

where does movement of the skeleton confirm

Answer 51

joints