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First Year med - dundee > 68. Anatomy - structure and function of the nervous system > Flashcards

68. Anatomy - structure and function of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what do nerves do

A
  1. allow us to sense our environment - sensory functions and special senses
  2. allow us to respond to the environment aka voluntary - skeletal muscle movement and involuntary - cardiac muscle
  3. reflex function
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2
Q

what is the split in terms of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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3
Q

CNS contains….

A

brain
spinal cord
central controller

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4
Q

PNS contains

A

all other nerve tissue not within the CNS aka
Spinal, Cranial and autonomic nerves

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5
Q

name the parts of a neuron

A

dendrites
body
axon
myelin sheath

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6
Q

the collective name of nerve cell bodies differs in CNS vs PNS. what are the terms

A

CNS- nucleus
PNS- ganglion

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7
Q

what are nerves

A

bundles of axons (nerve fibres) wrapped in connective tissue

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8
Q

what are the 6 modalities

A
  • Somatic sensory function
    • Somatic motor function
    • Special sensory function
    • Visceral afferent function
    • Sympathetic function
      -Parasympathetic function
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9
Q

Describe MOTOR and SENSORY

A

Motor (efferent): Action potential towards body wall, body cavity or organ
Sensory (afferent): Action potential towards brain

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10
Q

how many lobes of each cerebral hemisphere

A

4

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11
Q

name the 4 lobes of each cerebral hemisphere

A

occipital, parietal, frontal, temporal

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12
Q

what is the outermost layer of the brain called

A

Cerebral cortex

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13
Q

the cortex has many folds. What are the grooves called

A

sulci (sing. sulcus)

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14
Q

the cortex has many folds. What are the raised parts called

A

gyri (sing. gyrus)

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15
Q

how many cranial nerves are there

A

12 pairs

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16
Q

what is the way to remember cranial nerves

A

Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet AH

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17
Q

name the three Oh Oh Ohs

A
  1. Olfactory 2.Optic 3. Oculomotor
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18
Q

name - To Touch And Feel

A
  1. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal 6. Abducent 7. Facial
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19
Q

name - Very Good Velvet

A
  1. Vestibulocochlear 9. Glossopharyngeal 10.Vagus
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20
Q

name the AH

A

11.spinal Accessory nerve 12.Hypoglossal Nerve

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21
Q

name the 3 cranial fossae

A

Anterior, Middle, Posterior

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22
Q

name the CN1 foraminae

A

cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

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23
Q

name the CN2 foraminae

A

Optic canal

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24
Q

CN III, IV, V1, VI foraminae?

A

Superior Orbital fissure

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25
Q

CN V2 foraminae?

A

foramen rotundum

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26
Q

CN V3 foraminae?

A

foramen ovale

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27
Q

CN VII, VIII foraminae?

A

internal acoustic meatus

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28
Q

CN IX, X, XI foraminae?

A

Jugular Foramen

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29
Q

CN XII foraminae?

A

Hypoglossal canal

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30
Q

what is the foramen at the base of the skull connecting the spinal cord

A

foramen magnum

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31
Q

how many segments of the spinal cord

A

4

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32
Q

name the segments of the spinal cord

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral/coccygeal

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33
Q

spinal cord is protected by what

A

vertebral canal

34
Q

where are the 2 enlargements in the spinal cord

A

cervical
lumbosacral

35
Q

name how many of each on the spinal cord eg C1-C? and T1-T?

A

8 cervical - C1-C8
12 thoracic - T1-T12
5 lumbar - L1-L5
5 sacral - S1-S5
1 coccygeal - Co

36
Q

where does the spinal cord end and what is that called

A

L1/L2 IV disc level - CONUS MEDULLARIS

37
Q

which is longer. the spinal cord or rhe vertebral column

A

vertebral column

38
Q

lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots have to descend in the vertebral canal to their respective intervertebral foraminae this is called

A

cauda equina (horse’s tail)

39
Q

Spinal nerves are named according to the vertebrae ……. it
except in the cervical region, where they are named according to the vertebrae ………it

for example…

A

above….below
C8 spinal nerve exits between C7 and T1 vertebrae

40
Q

spinal nerves supply the….

A

soma (body wall)

41
Q

spinal nerves are located only within the….

A

intervertebral foramina

42
Q

From the intervertebral foramina they connect with

A

-structures of the soma via rami
-the spinal cord via roots and rootlets

43
Q

where is the only place a spinal nerve is found

A

in the intervertebral foramina

44
Q

rootlets attach to the

A

spinal chord

45
Q

rami attach to the

A

soma

46
Q

sensory axons travel anteriorly or posteriorly on the roots

A

posteriorly

47
Q

Motor axons travel anteriorly or posteriorly on the roots

A

anteriorly

48
Q

anterior rami supplies which parts of the body

A

-supply the remainder of the posterior part, the lateral and the anterior parts of the strips
-supply all of the limbs

49
Q

what is a dermatome

A

area (strip) of skin supplied by both the anterior and posterior rami of a spinal nerv

50
Q

which dermatome contains the nipple

A

T4

51
Q

which dermatome contains the umbilicus (belly button)

A

T10

52
Q

what is a nerve plexus

A

A plexus is a network of intersecting nerves (intertwining of the nerve fibers of anterior rami)

53
Q

what is in the somatic nervous system

A
  • Soma includes
    ○ head and neck walls
    ○ chest walls
    ○ Back
    ○ the diaphragm
    ○ abdominal wall
    ○ pelvic wall
    ○ limbs
    • Structures
      ○ Skin
      ○ Fascia
      ○ skeletal muscle
      ○ Skeleton
      ○ internal lining of body
      cavities
54
Q

what is proprioception

A

your body’s ability to know where it is in a space

54
Q

Somatic Sensation - Sensations felt by body wall include:

A

coarse touch
fine touch
vibration
proprioception
temperature
pain

55
Q

coarse touch
fine touch
vibration
proprioception are all sensed by

A

mechanoreceptors

56
Q

temperature is sensed by

A

thermoreceptors

57
Q

pain is sensed by

A

nociceptors

58
Q

reflexes are

A

rapid

59
Q

reflexes are voluntary/Involuntary

A

Involuntary

60
Q

do reflexes exclude anything in the normal pathway?

A

misses out pathway to brain

61
Q

what are the 2 functional subdivisions of the PNS

A

somatic and autonomic

62
Q
A
62
Q
A
62
Q
A
62
Q

what is in the autonomic nervous system

A
  • Viscera i.e. heart, lungs, kidneys
  • Glands (mucous etc)
  • Smooth and cardiac muscle
  • External lining of organs
  • Internal organs in body cavities
    i.e. chest cavity, pelvic cavity, abdominal cavity
  • Body wall organs
    i.e. sweat glands, arrector smooth muscles, arterioles
63
Q

autonomic NS senses the internal environment aka organs. Their organ sensory nerves are called

A

visceral afferent

64
Q

what sensations are from organs to the CNS

A

touch, temperature and pain

65
Q

what can types of pain detected by the ANS

A

Ischaemic and colicky

66
Q

what does Ischaemic mean

A

when there is a reduction in blood flow to tissues.
Sudden abdominal pain or cramping, Bloody stools, Diarrhea, Nausea

67
Q

what is colicky pain

A

Colicky pain is characterized by intermittent, cramping pain that comes and goes.
It is often associated with conditions that cause spasms in the hollow organs of the body. Sharp and intense

68
Q

Visceral pain is described as

A

dull, achy, nauseating and poorly localised

69
Q

Motor neurons in the ANS respond to changes from where

A

internal environment

70
Q

Many internal organs have sympathetic/parasympathetic/ both nerve supply???

A

both
dual motor control
Both motor controls
‘Accelerator’ or ‘brake’

71
Q

Sympathetic Outflow

Passes down spinal cord

Exits spinal cord with ‘………..’ spinal nerves

Travel to ‘……….’ running the length of vertebral column

Pass into ? spinal nerves
Anterior or posterior rami

To supply body wall structures

They ‘Hitch a ride’ with ………to all head and neck organs and skin

Travel via …….. to reach organs

A

T1-L2

Sympathetic chains

Both

arteries

splanchnic nerves

72
Q

during sympathetic outflow impulses exits spinal cord with ‘………..’ spinal nerves

A

T1-L2

73
Q

During sympathetic outflow

impulses Pass down spinal cord

Exits spinal cord with T1-L2 spinal nerves

Travel to ‘……….’ running the length of vertebral column

A

sympathetic chains

74
Q

Sympathetic Outflow

Passes down spinal cord

Exits spinal cord with ‘T1-L2’ spinal nerves

Travel to ‘Sympathetic chains’ running the length of vertebral column

Pass into Anterior or posterior rami ? spinal nerves

A

both

75
Q

Sympathetic Outflow

Passes down spinal cord

Exits spinal cord with ‘T1-L2 spinal nerves

Travel to ‘Sympathetic chains’ running the length of vertebral column

Pass into both Anterior and posterior rami spinal nerves

To supply body wall structures

They ‘Hitch a ride’ with arteries to all head and neck organs and skin

Travel via …….. to reach organs

A

splanchnic nerves

76
Q

which segments of the spinal cord have lateral horns

A

only T1-L2

77
Q

All parasympathetic axons leave the CNS via which cranial nerves

A

III, VII, IX & X and via sacral spinal nerves

First Year med - dundee (41 decks)

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