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First Year med - dundee > 4. Diversity of cells and their function > Flashcards

4. Diversity of cells and their function Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 basic tissue types

A

epithelium
nervous
connective
muscle

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2
Q

describe the common features of epithelia

A

form sheets of cells
cover surfaces, line body cavities
form many glands
At their basal surface they have a layer of ECM components called the basal lamina (basement membrane)

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3
Q

in epithelial cells the top and bottom go by different names. can you name them.

A

apical - top
basal - bottom

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4
Q

In epithelial cells, They all have at their basal surface, a layer of extracellular matrix components, called a …..

A

basal lamina (basement membrane)

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5
Q

what are some of the functions of epithelia

A
  • barrier
  • locomotion
  • secretion
  • containment
  • sensation
  • absorption
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6
Q

how do we classify epithelia

A

by shape
number of layers
cell surface specializations
presence of specialised cell types

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7
Q

what shapes of epithelial cells can you get

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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8
Q

what layers of epithelial cells can you get

A

simple, stratified and pseudostratified

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9
Q

what kinds of cell surface specializations of epithelial cells can you get

A

prominent microvilli
cilia
keratin proteins

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10
Q

what kind of specialized cells can be present on epithelial cells can you get

A

goblet cells

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11
Q

Glandular epithelia produce secretory products like….

A

sweat, milk, oil, hormones, mucous, enzymes and others.

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12
Q

what are the 2 types of glands

A

endocrine
exocrine

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13
Q

endocrine= ducted or ductless
exocrine= ducted or ductless

A

endocrine= ductless (towards basal end)
exocrine= ducted (away from basal end)

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14
Q

what does connective tissue do

A

Connective tissue forms the framework of the body, but beyond that it has a dynamic role in the development, growth and homeostasis of tissues, and, via fat, in energy storage

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15
Q

what is soft connective tissue

A

tendons, ligaments, mesentery, stroma of organs, dermis of skin

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16
Q

what is hard connective tissue

A

bone and cartilage

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17
Q

name the 3 types of connective tissue

A

blood and lymph
hard connective tissue
soft connective tissue

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18
Q

what is connective tissue made up of

A

extracellular matrix
and
cells

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19
Q

what does the extracellular matrix consist of

A

fibres, ground substance, tissue fluid

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20
Q

what fibres are in the ECM

A

elastic
reticular
collagen

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21
Q

what is ground substance in respect to connective tissue

A

a space occupying material made of GAGS (glycosaminoglycans) and glycoproteins

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22
Q

what cells are in connective tissue along side the ECM

A

fibroblasts
adipose cells
osteocytes
chondrocytes

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23
Q

what are fibroblasts

A

widely distributed cells that produce and maintain the extracellular matrix.

24
Q

what are adipose cells

A

fat cells, found scattered in many connective tissues, but predominant cell in adipose tissue (fat)

25
Q

what are osteocytes

A

cells of bone

26
Q

what are chondrocytes

A

cells of cartilage

27
Q

name the 3 types of soft connective tissue

A

loose, dense regular and dense irregular

28
Q

Can be dense regular CT if the fibres are ……..(e.g. ……..) or dense irregular CT if the fibre bundles run in …… direction(s) (e.g. …..of the skin).

A

aligned eg tendon

Many directions eg dermis of the skin

29
Q

name 2 types of hard connective tissue

A

bone and cartilage

30
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage

A

elastic
hyaline
fibrocartilage

31
Q

cartilage is Vascular or avascular

A

avascular
receives nutrients from adjacent tissues by diffusion through its matrix.

32
Q

what is the most common type of cartilage

A

hyaline

33
Q

where can you fine hyaline cartilage

A

epiphyseal growth plates, tracheal rings, costal cartilage, articular surfaces

34
Q

what are the 2 types of bone

A

cortical bone and
cancellous or trabecular bone

35
Q

describe cortical bone

A

outer shell of dense bone makes up the shaft (diaphysis)

36
Q

describe cancellous bone

A

fine meshwork of bone that looks a bit like an aero bar

37
Q

note that bone is a living tissue and is penetrated by small canals called?

A

Haversian canals

38
Q

name the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

smooth
cardiac
skeletal

39
Q

describe muscle

A
  • Muscle cells are specialized to generate force by contracting.
  • There are three major kinds within the body
  • All cells contain some contractile fibres in their cytoskeleton, but in muscle cells the cytoplasm is packed with these fibres and the cells are highly specialized for the production of contractile force.
  • Force is produced by the movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres, with the aid of a number of accessory proteins.
40
Q

describe smooth muscle

A

involuntary and visceral
structurally simple
not under conscious control
visceral because its predominantly found in organs
smooth because no striations

41
Q

describe skeletal muscle

A

voluntary and striated muscle
conscious control
giant elongated multinucleated cylindrical cell

42
Q

in skeletal muscle each fibre has many nuclei that are elongated and located at the periphery of the cell, just internal to the membrane, which in muscle cells is called the ….?

A

sarcolemma

43
Q

describe cardiac muscle

A

has striations with intercalated discs
single nucleus located near the centre of the fibre
in walls of heart
involuntary

44
Q

what is nervous tissue made up from

A

neurons and their supporting cells (glia)

45
Q

neurons and their supporting cells (glia) are surrounded by a protective coat which differs in name depending on CNS or PNS?

A

meninges - CNS
epineurium - PNS

46
Q

what are the 3 types of neuron shape

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Pseudounipolar

47
Q

describe mulitpolar neurons

A

most common
many dendrites
one axon

48
Q

describe bipolar neurons

A

one dendrite
one axon

49
Q

describe pseudounipolar neurons

A

short process gives rise to axons in both directions

50
Q

name the 3 Glia cells in CNS

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia

51
Q

what do astrocytes do

A

support
ion transport
induce Brain Blood Barrier

52
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do

A

produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord

53
Q

what do microglia do

A

provide immune surveillance

54
Q

what is the glial cell of the PNS an what does it do

A

schwann cell - produces myelin and supports axons

55
Q
A

First Year med - dundee (41 decks)

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