4. Diversity of cells and their function Flashcards
what are the 4 basic tissue types
epithelium
nervous
connective
muscle
describe the common features of epithelia
form sheets of cells
cover surfaces, line body cavities
form many glands
At their basal surface they have a layer of ECM components called the basal lamina (basement membrane)
in epithelial cells the top and bottom go by different names. can you name them.
apical - top
basal - bottom
In epithelial cells, They all have at their basal surface, a layer of extracellular matrix components, called a …..
basal lamina (basement membrane)
what are some of the functions of epithelia
- barrier
- locomotion
- secretion
- containment
- sensation
- absorption
how do we classify epithelia
by shape
number of layers
cell surface specializations
presence of specialised cell types
what shapes of epithelial cells can you get
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
what layers of epithelial cells can you get
simple, stratified and pseudostratified
what kinds of cell surface specializations of epithelial cells can you get
prominent microvilli
cilia
keratin proteins
what kind of specialized cells can be present on epithelial cells can you get
goblet cells
Glandular epithelia produce secretory products like….
sweat, milk, oil, hormones, mucous, enzymes and others.
what are the 2 types of glands
endocrine
exocrine
endocrine= ducted or ductless
exocrine= ducted or ductless
endocrine= ductless (towards basal end)
exocrine= ducted (away from basal end)
what does connective tissue do
Connective tissue forms the framework of the body, but beyond that it has a dynamic role in the development, growth and homeostasis of tissues, and, via fat, in energy storage
what is soft connective tissue
tendons, ligaments, mesentery, stroma of organs, dermis of skin
what is hard connective tissue
bone and cartilage
name the 3 types of connective tissue
blood and lymph
hard connective tissue
soft connective tissue
what is connective tissue made up of
extracellular matrix
and
cells
what does the extracellular matrix consist of
fibres, ground substance, tissue fluid
what fibres are in the ECM
elastic
reticular
collagen
what is ground substance in respect to connective tissue
a space occupying material made of GAGS (glycosaminoglycans) and glycoproteins
what cells are in connective tissue along side the ECM
fibroblasts
adipose cells
osteocytes
chondrocytes
what are fibroblasts
widely distributed cells that produce and maintain the extracellular matrix.
what are adipose cells
fat cells, found scattered in many connective tissues, but predominant cell in adipose tissue (fat)
what are osteocytes
cells of bone
what are chondrocytes
cells of cartilage
name the 3 types of soft connective tissue
loose, dense regular and dense irregular
Can be dense regular CT if the fibres are ……..(e.g. ……..) or dense irregular CT if the fibre bundles run in …… direction(s) (e.g. …..of the skin).
aligned eg tendon
Many directions eg dermis of the skin
name 2 types of hard connective tissue
bone and cartilage
what are the 3 types of cartilage
elastic
hyaline
fibrocartilage
cartilage is Vascular or avascular
avascular
receives nutrients from adjacent tissues by diffusion through its matrix.
what is the most common type of cartilage
hyaline
where can you fine hyaline cartilage
epiphyseal growth plates, tracheal rings, costal cartilage, articular surfaces
what are the 2 types of bone
cortical bone and
cancellous or trabecular bone
describe cortical bone
outer shell of dense bone makes up the shaft (diaphysis)
describe cancellous bone
fine meshwork of bone that looks a bit like an aero bar
note that bone is a living tissue and is penetrated by small canals called?
Haversian canals
name the 3 types of muscle tissue
smooth
cardiac
skeletal
describe muscle
- Muscle cells are specialized to generate force by contracting.
- There are three major kinds within the body
- All cells contain some contractile fibres in their cytoskeleton, but in muscle cells the cytoplasm is packed with these fibres and the cells are highly specialized for the production of contractile force.
- Force is produced by the movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres, with the aid of a number of accessory proteins.
describe smooth muscle
involuntary and visceral
structurally simple
not under conscious control
visceral because its predominantly found in organs
smooth because no striations
describe skeletal muscle
voluntary and striated muscle
conscious control
giant elongated multinucleated cylindrical cell
in skeletal muscle each fibre has many nuclei that are elongated and located at the periphery of the cell, just internal to the membrane, which in muscle cells is called the ….?
sarcolemma
describe cardiac muscle
has striations with intercalated discs
single nucleus located near the centre of the fibre
in walls of heart
involuntary
what is nervous tissue made up from
neurons and their supporting cells (glia)
neurons and their supporting cells (glia) are surrounded by a protective coat which differs in name depending on CNS or PNS?
meninges - CNS
epineurium - PNS
what are the 3 types of neuron shape
Multipolar
Bipolar
Pseudounipolar
describe mulitpolar neurons
most common
many dendrites
one axon
describe bipolar neurons
one dendrite
one axon
describe pseudounipolar neurons
short process gives rise to axons in both directions
name the 3 Glia cells in CNS
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
what do astrocytes do
support
ion transport
induce Brain Blood Barrier
what do oligodendrocytes do
produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord
what do microglia do
provide immune surveillance
what is the glial cell of the PNS an what does it do
schwann cell - produces myelin and supports axons
