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First Year med - dundee > 32. Intro to the immune system 1 and 2 > Flashcards

32. Intro to the immune system 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of overreactions of the immune system

A

autoimmunity - Type 1 Diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, MS, IDB

Allergic reactions- eczema, hay fever, asthma

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2
Q

what are 2 types of immune under reaction

A

Cancer - HIV, EBV, HCV

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3
Q

name some ways a pathogen can enter the body

A

digestive system, respiratory system, urogenital system
skin damage

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4
Q

what is the physical barrier of infection

A

skin

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5
Q

what makes the skin a good barrier

A
  • Physical barrier - tightly packed, highly keratinized cells
  • Physiological factors
    • Low pH (5.5)
    • Low oxygen tension
  • Sebaceous glands – hydrophobic oils, lysozymes, ammonia
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6
Q

what does mucus line

A

all the body’s cavities that are in contact with the external environment

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7
Q

what antibody is in mucus

A

secretory IgA

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8
Q

what are the three barriers to infection

A

skin, mucus, commensal bacteria

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9
Q

define the innate immune response

A

Innate immunity is present continuously, it is a defence mechanism that is present from birth.
The same generic response occurs to many different microbial species.

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10
Q

define the acquired (adaptive) immune response

A

Acquired (adaptive) immunity is (usually) induced by the presence of ‘foreign’ or non-self-materials.
A unique response is generated to each individual pathogen

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11
Q

which out of innate and acquired has immunological memory and a lag time from exposure to response and is specific

A

adaptive/acquired

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12
Q

cytokines - interferons- are released from virally infected cells to signal neighbor cells. what does this cause

A

it destroys RNA and reduce protein synthesis
undergo apoptosis
activate immune cells such as NK cells

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13
Q

describe macrophages

A

phagocytose bacteria
release pro inflammatory mediators TNFa

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14
Q

describe phagocytosis

A
  1. PRRs on macrophages bind to PAMPs on pathogen, which signals the formation of the phagocytic cup
  2. Cup extends around the pathogen and pinches off – phagosome
  3. Phagosome fuses with lysosome – phagolysosome
  4. Pathogen killed and contents degraded
  5. Debris released into extracellular fluid
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15
Q

macrophages express ………. and they release……….

A

MCH-II
TNFa

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16
Q

what do mast cells do

A

deal with pathogens too big for phagocytes

mast cells release histamine, tryptase, TNF, Chemokines, leukotrienes, prostoglandins

associated with allergy

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17
Q

describe neutrophils in innate immunology

A

Transendothelial migration is the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection during acute inflammation:

  1. slower blood flow, allowing neutrophils to undergo margination
    • Neutrophils travel close to endothelial cells instead of centre of the vessel
  2. Neutrophils can then encounter and bind to adhesion molecules expressed by the endothelial cells (e.g. selectins, ICAM-1)
  3. Neutrophils migrate across the endothelium via diapedesis
  4. Once in the tissues, the neutrophils travel to the exact site of injury via chemotaxis
  5. Neutrophils are then activated by PAMPs and pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF⍺
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18
Q

Neutrophils can then encounter and bind to adhesion molecules expressed by the endothelial cells such as

A

selectins, ICAM-1

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19
Q

. Neutrophils migrate across the endothelium. what is this process called

A

diapedesis

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20
Q

Once in the tissues, the neutrophils travel to the exact site of injury what is this process called

A

chemotaxis

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21
Q

Neutrophils are then activated by PAMPs and pro-inflammatory mediators such as

A

TNF⍺

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22
Q

what does TNFa stand for

A

Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha

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23
Q

what does PRR stand for

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors

24
Q

what does PAMPs stand for

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

25
Q

what are the 3 ways neutrophils kill

A

phagocytosis, degranulation (release of anti-bacterial granules), NETS (net like structure that traps pathogens leading to phagocytosis)

26
Q

what are the 3 modes of ingestion by neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis
Endocytosis - molecules bound to membrane receptors are internalized
pinocytosis - ingestion of fluid of surrounding cells

27
Q

lysosomes contain what

A

hydrolytic enzymes

28
Q

when the phacocytic cup pinches off it creates a

A

phagosome

29
Q

what fuses with the phagosome

A

lysosome

30
Q

when the phagosome and lysosome combine it creates a

A

phagolysosome

31
Q

what are the 3 antigen presenting cells

A

dendrites, macrophages, B cells

32
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

ingestion of fluid of surrounding cells

33
Q

what are NK cells

A

Natural Killer Cells

34
Q

what do NK cells release to kill by degranulation

A

perforin

35
Q

NK cells respond to what class of presenting cells

A

MHC class I - virally infected and cancerous cells

36
Q

what else do NK cells produce

A

IFNy

37
Q

macrophages express its antigens through…..

A

MHC-II

38
Q

dead and dying neutrophils produce what

A

pus

39
Q

MHC- II can only be found on….

A

antigen presenting cells aka dendrites, macrophages and B cells

40
Q

which cells present MHC-I

A

all nucleated cells in the body

41
Q

Basophils granules contain what

A

histamine

42
Q

eosinophils are associated with what

A

allergy

43
Q

Basophils act as effector cells in what reaction

A

allergic reactions

44
Q

what is the complement system

A

activated in response to inflammation and creates a chemical cascade of chemical reactions

45
Q

where are the complement proteins produced

A

liver

46
Q

what are the 3 pathways for the complement system

A

Classical
Mannose Binding Lectin
Alternative

47
Q

take me through the complement system

A
  1. C3 is cleaved as it is an inactive precurser
  2. Cleaved into c3a and c3b.
  3. Active c3b associates with another compliment system protein to produce C5 convertase
  4. This causes cleavage of C5 into C5a and C5b
  5. Active C5b produces a pore-forming channel which is inserted into the cell wall which causes Cell death. This is called MAC
48
Q

what is the alternative pathway in the complement system

A

after C3 cleaved into C3a and C3b, C3b can then amplify the reaction via the alternative pathway, causing more C3 to cleave into C3a and C3b

49
Q

what are C3a and C5a responsible for

A

acute inflammation (they are anaphylatoxins)

50
Q

what is MAC

A

membrane attack complex

51
Q

what is the classical complement system path initiated by

A

IgM and IgG/ CRP

52
Q

dendrites are MCH-???? beacuse they are ……………

A

MHC-II beacuse they are antigen presenting

53
Q

what activates complement via MBL pathway

A

mannose-binding lectin

54
Q

what is opsonisation

A

when a pathogen is marked for phagocytosis by being bound by an antibody

55
Q

what else does C3b also do besides become C5

A

opsonisation - leading to phagocytosis

56
Q

IgG can act as an

A

opsinin

57
Q

name some opsinins

A
  1. C3b
    1. C-reactive protein (CRP)
    2. IgG / IgM antibodies

First Year med - dundee (41 decks)

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