Blood and Tissue Protozoa - PLASMODIUM Flashcards

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1
Q

MOST IMPORTANT PARASITIC DISEASE IN MAN

A

Plasmodium spp

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2
Q

SEXUAL LIFE CYCLE (MOSQUITO)

A

SPOROGONY

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3
Q

ASEXUAL LIFE CYCLE (MEN)

A

SCHIZOGONY

GAMETOGONY

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4
Q

Transmission of Plasmodium

A

Bite of infected female mosquito (Anopheles minimus flavirostris)

across the placenta
blood transfusions
IV drug use

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5
Q

Infective Stage of Plasmodium

A

Sporozoites

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6
Q

Diagnostic tests for Malaria

A

THICK AND THIN SMEARS W/ GIEMSA STAIN

Thick smear - to screen for the presence of organism

Thin smear - for species identification

highest yield - blood sample taken during FEVER or 2-3 hrs after peak

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7
Q

Malaria Spectrum of Disease

A

paroxysmal fever w/ malaise and bone pains

hemolytic anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly

parasitic pneumonitis

CEREBRAL MALARIA
*malarial or Durck granulomas

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
*Blackwater Fever

SEPTIC SHOCK
*algid malaria

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8
Q

RECURRENCE of symptoms after temporary abatement (2-4 weeks)

A

RECRUDESCENCE

*seen in P. falciparum and P. malariae

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9
Q

RETURN of disease after its apparent cessation (1-6 mos) d.t. REACTIVATION IF HYPNOZOITES

A

RELAPSE

*P. ovale and P. vivax

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10
Q

Life Cycle Plasmodium

A
  1. infected mosquito injects SPOROZOITES
  2. sporozoites migrate to the LIVER where they form MEROZOITES
  3. merozoites are released and invade RBC
  4. in the RBC - merozoites becomes TROPHOZOITE
  5. in RBC trophozoite multiplies
  6. some merozoites become GAMETOCYTES
  7. female mosquito picks up gametocytes from infected human
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11
Q

Infected RBC w/ 1-2 small chromatim dots and ring form stage

A

P. falciparum

  • malignant tertian
  • MOST SEVERE
  • BANANA shaped gametocytes
  • MAURER DOTS - coarse granulations
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12
Q

Infected RBC w/ presence of band form stages

A

P. malariae

  • benign quartan
  • ZIEMANN - fine dots
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13
Q

Punctate granulations

A

SCHUFFNER - P. vivax and P. ovale

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14
Q

Treatment for Chloroquine sensitive P. falciparum and P.malariae infections

A

CHLOROQUINE

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15
Q

Treatment for P. vivax and P. ovale

A

CHLOROQUINE + PRIMAQUINE

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16
Q

Treatment for uncomplicated infections w/ chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum

A

QUININE + DOXYCYCLINE/ CLINDAMYCIN

Alternative Drug:
Melarone (Atovaquone-Proguanil)
OR
Mefloquine
OR
Co-Artemether+ Lumefrantine
17
Q

Treatment for Severe or Complicated infections w/ P. falciparum

A
Artesunate + Doxycline/ Clindamucin
OR
Mefloquine/Malarone
OR
Quinidine gluconate

Alternative Drug:
Artemether + Doxycycline/Clindamycin
OR
Mefloquine/Malarone

18
Q

Treatment for Chloroquine-resistance

A

Mefloquine+Doxycycline

19
Q

Treatment for eradication of hypnozoites

A

Primaquine

20
Q

Treatment for severe cases or pregnancy

A

Quinidine or Quinine

21
Q

Prophylaxis for areas W/O resistant P. falciparum

A

Chloroquine

22
Q

Prophylaxis for areas WITH resistant P. falciparum

A

Malarone

Mefloquine

23
Q

Prophylaxis for areas WITH MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT P. falciparum

A

Doxycycline

24
Q

Terminal prophylaxis of P. vivax and P. ovale infection

Alternative for primary prevention

A

Primaquine

25
Q

Drugs effective against ERYTHROCYTIC FORM

A
Artemisin
Atovaquone/Proguanil
Chloroquine
Quinine
Mefloquine
Pyrimethamine
26
Q

Drug effective against GAMETOCYTIC form

A

Primaquine

27
Q

Drug effective against EXOERYTHROCYTIC form

A

Primaquine

28
Q

Areas of High Endemicity

A

Palawan
Kalinga-Apayao
Ifugao
Agusan del Sur

29
Q

Areas of Chloroquine Resistance

A

Palawan
Davao del Norte
Compostela Valley