9. Musculatory System I Flashcards
1
Q
Formative immature cells of muscles; present in fetal stage; func: mitosis
A
Myoblasts
2
Q
Non striated
Involuntary
Can divide
A
Smooth muscle
3
Q
Spindle shaped muscle tissue
A
Smooth muscle
4
Q
Only mature muscle tissue that can divide
A
Smooth muscle
5
Q
Striated
Voluntary
Multinucleated
Hypertrophy only cannot multiply
A
Skeletal muscle
6
Q
Location of nucleus of skeletal muscle
A
Lateral surface
7
Q
Striated
Involuntary
Cannot multiply; hypertrophy only
A
Cardiac muscle
8
Q
What type of muscle cell or tissue is the HEART
A
Cardiac muscle
9
Q
What connects cardiac muscle cells together
A
Intercalated discs
10
Q
Cellular junctions in cardiac muscles
A
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
11
Q
Outermost ct layer that covers MUSCLE BELLY
A
Epimysium
12
Q
Middle layer covers FASCICLES
A
Perimysium
13
Q
Innermost; covers MUSCLE CELLS OR FIBERS
A
Endomysium
14
Q
Connects muscle to bone
A
Tendon
15
Q
Connects bone to bone
A
Ligaments
16
Q
Group of muscle fibers covered by perimysium
A
Fascicle
17
Q
Cell membrane or plasma membrane of muscles made up of phospholipid bilayer
A
Sarcolemma
18
Q
Structures that makes up the muscle cell or fiber
A
Myofibrils
19
Q
Structures that makes up myofibrils
A
Myofilaments
20
Q
2 kinds of myofilaments
A
Thin filaments
Thick filaments
21
Q
Thin filaments is composed of what protein
A
Actin
22
Q
Thick filaments are composed of what protein
A
Myosin
23
Q
Shape of myosin
A
Golf club
24
Q
Functional or contractile unit of muscle; from Z disc to another Z disc
A
Sarcomere
25
Separates one sarcomere to another
Attachment for thin filaments
Passes in the middle of the I band
Z discs
26
Contains thick but no thin filaments (MYOSIN ONLY)
H zone
27
Passes in the middle of H zone
M line
28
Aka dArk band
A band
29
Aka lIght band
I band
30
Blocks the myosin binding sites in actin (relax muscle)
Tropomyosin
31
Holds the tropomyosin in place
| Binding site for Ca ions to allow movt of tropomyosin
Troponin
32
Perpendicular sarcolemma
Transverse tubules or T tubules
33
Endoplasmic reticulum of muscle fiber
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
34
Storage for calcium
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
35
Most impt substance for muscular contraction
Calcium
36
Dilated end sacks of Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Terminal cisterns
37
Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
Sarcoplasm
38
Stored chains of glucose
Glycogen
39
Glycogen is mainly stored in
Liver
Skeletal muscle
Adipocytes
40
Process: glycogen to glucose
Glycogenolysis
41
Maximum storage of glycogen
2 lbs
42
Process: glucose to glycogen
Glycogenesis
43
When does the body produce glycogen
Hyperglycemic state
44
Hormone responsible for production of insulin (glycogen stored in insulin sensitive cells)
Beta cells of pancreas
45
Protein that binds OXYGEN=red color of muscle
| Counterpart of RBC (hemoglobin=red color)
Myoglobin
46
Largest protein of the body found in muscles
Titin
47
Total muscles in the body
650 muscles
48
Attachment for THICK filaments
M line
49
Overlapping thick and thin filaments
A band
50
Attachment of THIN filaments
Z line or disc
51
Filaments seen in light or I band
Thin filaments only
52
Aka theory of muscle contraction
Sliding filament mechanism
53
% of ICF
40% ICF
54
% OF ECF
20%
55
What is the resting membrane potential? (mV)
-70mV (-90mV in guyton)
56
Most numerous ca+ion in ECF
Na+
57
Most numerous ca+ion in ICF
K+
58
Charge inside the cell when it is in resting state or polarized state
Resting membrane potential
59
1st channel to open once there's electrical current
Voltage-gated Na+ channels
60
Why is depolarization and repolarization happens? (What process)
Na goes in
K goes out
Because of simple diffusion
61
Na+ influx = cell more + = ____
Wherein, cell from negative to a positive state
Remove a cell in a polarized state(-)
Depolarization
62
Channels that are delayed to open
| Opens after action potential
Voltage-gated K+ channels
63
K+ efflux(out) = cell goes back to resting state =___
| Change charge of cell from + to NEGATIVE
Repolarization
64
What is the Threshold stimulus to generate an action potential
-55mV
65
Signal that has potential to trigger an axon
Action potential
66
Corrects position of Na+(out) and K+(in)
Sodium potassium pumps
67
Ratio in Na-K pumps ("2PISO3")
2 potassium in
| 3 sodium out
68
In precontraction phase, an ACTION POTENTIAL from nerve fiber stimulates ___ to open
Voltage gated Calcium channels
69
Calcium influx causes release of _ in the NMJ
Ach
70
It is a neurotransmitter or a chemical messenger (LIGAND)
Acetylcholine
71
Part of the NMJ where Ach binds
Nicotinic receptors or "Ligand"-gated Na+ channels
72
Na+ enters muscle fiber (Depolarization) creating a ____
Muscle action potential
73
Muscle action potential travels to what part of the muscle cell
Sarcolemma and T tubules
74
Muscle action potential opens _ (kasi katabi sya ng T tubules) which stores CALCIUM
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
75
Responsible in releasing calcium ions into the sarcoplasm
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
76
Where does calcium ions bind
Troponin
77
What happens when calcium binds to troponin
Troponin moves tropomyosin away from blocking the myosin heads sa actin binding sites
78
Most important substance for muscular contraction
Calcium
79
BEQ: "Cross bridging"
- troponin
- tropomyosin
- myosin
- actin
Tropomyosin
80
Myosin head will attach to actin known as
Cross bridging
81
ATP in the myosin head is broken down by (what enzyme) into _____
Atp /ATPase/ = ADP+P
82
Immediate source of energy
ADP+Phosphate
83
Source of energy
Atp
84
Occurs when actin moves towards the M line and ADP is released
Power stroke
85
Actin moves towards M line, Z discs moves towards each other, Sarcomere SHORTENS
Muscle contraction
86
When does Myosin DETACH from Actin
When there is another ATP that binds to Myosin head
87
Detachment of myosin to actin = sarcomere ____
Sarcomere goes back to original place
88
As long as there are high amounts of _ and _ in the sarcoplasm, contraction cycle continues
Ca+ and ATP
89
This moves calcium back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Ca+ active transport pumps
90
Enzyme that breaks down Ach after it binds to Nicotinic Receptors
Acetylcholinesterase
91
Phenomenon seen in dead body
Muscles are in a state of RIGIDITY due to Cross bridging
(Lysosymes digests SR causing release of Ca resulting to crossbridging but no ATP so myosin doesnt detach to actin = muscles remain CONTRACTED)
Rigor mortis
92
Causative agent or bacteria of botulinum toxin
Clostridium botulinum
93
Prevents release of Ach in the NMJ resulting to muscle paralysis or relaxation
Botulinum toxin
94
Poisonous plant
Blocks NICOTINIC receptors (close: Ach cannot bind=cant stimulate muscle contraction)
Resulting to Muscle paralysis
Curare
95
Drug derived from Curare
Pancuronium bromide
96
Drugs used in lethal injection
```
Thiopental (sedative)
Potassium Chloride ( to stop heart)
Pancuronium Bromide (from curare)
```
97
Other name of Succinylcholine
Suxamethonium
98
Succinylcholine is for
Laryngospasm
99
Binds to Ach receptors resulting to muscle paralysis
| Used in laryngospasm
Succinylcholine
100
Other name for creatine phosphate mechanism
Direct phosphorylation
101
Fuel for creatine phosphate mechanism
Creatine phosphate
102
End products of creatine phosphate mechanism
1 ATP
| 1 Creatinine
103
Other name for GLYCOLYSIS
Anaerobic respiration
104
Process of breaking down glucose
Glycolysis
105
Fuel for glycolysis
Glucose
106
End products of glycolysis
2 ATP
| 2 Pyruvate
107
Subpathway of glycolysis
Glucose to LACTIC ACID
Happens if there is insufficient oxygen
Example during heavy exercises
Anaerobic glycolysis
108
End product of anaerobic glycolysis
Lactic acid
109
Muscle pain is caused by accumulation of
Lactic acid
110
Ph of blood and average
7.35-7.45 (7.4)
111
Most important buffer that prevents sudden change in pH in the blood
Bicarbonate HCO3-
112
Blood is what pH
Slightly basic
113
What happens to pH of blood if theres accumulation of lactic ACID
Blood becomes ACIDIC
| ⬆️H ⬇️pH = ACIDIC
114
Hco3- + H =
H2O
| CO2
115
⬆️ CO2
⬇️ O2
What is the response of the body?
Hyperventilation
116
Other names for aerobic glycolysis (4)
Aerobic respiration
Krebs cycle
Citric acid cycle
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
117
Happens when there is enough oxygen in the body
Aerobic glycolysis
118
Fuel for Aerobic glycolysis
O2
Pyruvate
Amino acids
Fatty acids
119
End products of aerobic glycolysis
36-38 ATP
H2O
CO2
120
Glycolysis and creatine phosphate mechanism happens in what part of the cell?
Cytoplasm
121
Kreb cycle happens in what part of the cell?
Mitochondria
122
Type of skeletal muscle fiber that produces SLOW and WEAK contractions but is RESISTANT to FATIGUE
Slow oxidative fibers or RED muscle fibers
123
Postural muscles are examples of what type of skeletal muscle fibers
Red muscle fibers
124
Responsible for the red pigment of the muscle fibers and also carries OXYGEN
Myoglobin
125
Red muscle fibers undergoes what type of glycolysis
Aerobic glycolysis ⬆️ATP
126
Produces fast and strong contractions but NOT RESISTANT to fatigue
Fast glycolytic fibers
| White muscle fibers
127
White muscle fibers undergoes what type of glycolysis
Anaerobic glycolysis ⬇️myoglobin ⬇️o2
128
Connects ends of cardiac muscle to one another
Intercalated discs
129
Which muscle has the most numerous mitochondria to allow continuous contraction (⬆️kreb ⬆️ATP)
Heart or CARDIAC MUSCLE
130
What 2 cellular junctions found between cardiac muscle cells
Gap junctions
| Desmosomes
131
Shape of smooth muscle tissue
Spindle shaped
132
For binding of Calcium in smooth muscle tissue
Calmodulin
133
For binding Calcium in Skeletal and cardiac muscle
Troponin
134
Blocks myosin from binding to actin in SMOOTH muscle
Myosin light chain kinase (mlck)
135
Blocks myosin from binding to actin in skeletal and cardiac muscle
Tropomyosin
136
Beq: binding site of Calcium in MUSCLE (only)
Troponin
137
Scalp muscles are innervated by what nerve
CN VII Facial nerve
138
Moves scalp posteriorly
Occipitalis
139
Moves scalp anteriorly
Frontalis
140
Raises eyebrow ; SURPRISE
Frontalis
141
Aponeurosis in the head
| Connects occipitalis and frontalis
Galea aponeurotica
142
Muscle to muscle attachment
Aponeurosis
143
Mouth muscles are innervated by what nerve
CN VII Facial nerve
144
Closes lips
Kissing
Pouting(major)
Orbicularis oris
145
Elevates upper lip
```
Zygomaticus major
Zygomaticus minor
Lev anguli oris
Lev labii superioris ala que nasi
Lev labii superioris
```
146
Caninus muscle
Levator anguli oris
147
Longest name
| Elevates upper lip and ala of nose
Levator labii superioris ala que nasi
148
Depresses lower lip
Depressor labii inferioris
149
Depresses angle of mouth
Depressor anguli oris
150
Other names of buccinator (3)
Cheek muscle
Kissing muscle
Trumpeter's muscle
151
Presses cheeks
Whistling, blowing, sucking, kissing
Keeps food away from vestibular area
Buccinator
152
Moves angle of mouth laterally
Fake or sardonic smile
GRIMACE
Risorius
153
Protrudes lower lip; pouting
Mentalis
154
Neck muscle depresses lower lip and mandible
| Major muscle for GRIMACE
Platysma
155
Angle of mouth where 8 muscles meet
Modiolus muscle
156
Mneumonic for modiolus muscles:
| (" LLORDD BuZy")
```
Lev anguli oris
Lev labii superioris
Orbicularis oris
Risorius
Dep anguli oris
Dep labii inferioris
Buccinator
Zygo major
```
157
5 branches of CN V or Facial nerve
```
Cervical
Mandibular
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
```
158
Muscle penetrated in classic mandiblock
Buccinator
159
Where to deposit in mandiblock
Pterygomandibular space
160
Why contralateral side in doing Mandiblock
To avoid parotid = Bell's palsy
161
Muscles that comprises the pterygomandibular raphe
Superior pharyngeal constrictor
| Buccinator
162
Nerves anesthetize in classic mandiblock
Ian
| Lingual nerve
163
What muscle to incise to drain abscess on pterygomandibular space
Buccinator
164
Muscle that closes eyes
Orbicularis oculi
165
Nerve that innervates orbicularis oculi
Cn VII (7 singkit)
166
Moves eyebrows inferiorly; wrinkles forehead
| FROWNING 😞
Corrugator supercilii
167
Moves eyeballs inferiorly and laterally
Superior oblique
168
Moves eyeballs superiorly and laterally
Inferior oblique
169
Elevates eyelids = eye opening
Levator palpebrae superioris
170
What innervates levator palpebrae superioris
CN III :3
171
Mneumonic for innervation of extrinsic muscles of the eye
SO4 LR6 R3
172
Innervation for superior oblique
CN4 trochlear nerve
173
Innervation of lateral rectus
Cn6 abducens
174
Moves eyeballs laterally
Lateral rectus
175
Moves eyeballs superiorly
Superior rectus
176
Moves eyeballs inferiorly
Inferior rectus
177
Moves eyeballs medially
Medial rectus
178
CN III V1
Opthalmic branch
179
CN III V2
Maxillary branch
180
CN III V3
Mandibular branch
181
Muscles of mastication (mneumonic)
TIME
182
Only muscle that retracts the mandible
Temporalis
183
Only muscle that depresses the mandible (open)
Lateral or external pterygoid
