20. Microbio: Bacterial pathology Flashcards by Ch Mora

Bacteria assoc pigment: red metachromic granules or babes ernst granules

Corynebacterium diptheriae

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Bacteria assoc pigment: red

Serratia marcescens

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Bacteria assoc pigment: bluish green; associated with NOSOCOMIAL (hospital acquired) infections

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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BQ: Bacteria assoc pigment: yellow sulfur granules

Actinomyces israeli

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Metabolically active (maturing); not yet dividing.
- nagaadapt palang yung microorganism sa environment

Lag phase

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Cell division is rapid

- Bactericidal antibiotics act in this phase

Log phase/Exponential phase

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Kill bacteria

- to take effect = cells must be in cell division stage

Bactericidal

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Inhibition of growth and multiplication

Bacteriostatic

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Rate of division = death rate

Stationary phase

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Nutrients are greatly reduced, TOXINS increased

Death > multiplication

Death phase

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BQ: What do you call the cell division of bacteria?

Binary fission (Asexual reproduction)

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BQ: What are the small DNA molecules found in the microorganisms that are separated from their chromosomal DNA?

Plasmid

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This is the process of transferring PLASMIDS from one microbe to another

Horizontal gene transfer or bacterial recombination

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Direct contact and uses SEX PILI(used for attachment)

Conjugation

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Type of horizontal gene transfer where DNA is left in envt then engulfed by recipient bacteria

Transformation

“F” for feces nlilalabas naiiwan sa envt

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Uses bacteriophage or a bacterial virus to transfer plasmids

Transduction

“D” delivery boy: transfer

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Bacteriophage = USER

Phage genome combines with bacteria (Lysogenic cycle)
When bacteria multiplies, viral DNA also multiplies
Phage kills bacteria (LYTIC CYCLE)

Temperate phage

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Bacteriophage = not useful to the bacteria

- phage kills bacteria (lytic cycle)

Virulent phage

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BQ: What is the basic component of a CELL WALL? (bacterial cell wall)

Glycoproteins

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Gram positive cell wall is _____ than gram negative

Gram positive thicker cell wall

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Peptidoglycan of gram positive vs gram negative

Thick peptidoglycan positive

Thin peptidoglycan negative

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Exotoxin of gram +

Attached to the peptidoglycan or murein LAYER

+eichoic acid = EXOtoxin (+)

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ENDOtoxin of gram -

Activated immune response

Lipopolysaccharide (ENDOtoxin -)

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What gram positive bacteria produces ENDOtoxin and EXOtoxin?

Lis+teria monocytogenes

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With mycolic acid which is a waxy substance that is resistant to gram staining and decolorization

Acid fast

Is a waxy substance that is resistant to gram staining and decolorization

Mycolic acid

Gram staining procedure (VIAS)

Crystal violet (primary stain) Iodine (violet) Alcohol (decolorization) Safranin/carbolfuchsin (red; counterstain)

Color of gram +

Violet

Color of gram -

Red

Streptococcus mutans: gram _

S. Mutans gram + violet

Neisseria gonorrhea: gram _

N. Gonorrhea gram - red

Acid fast staining procedure (CAM)

Carbolfuchsin (red primary stain) Acid-alcohol Methylene blue (blue counterstain)

Acid fast staining is aka

“Ziehl neelsen stain”

Color of acid fast bacteria

Red

Color of gram + and - in acid fast staining

Blue | Gram+ blue to violet

Normal bacteria of the SKIN

Staphylococcus

Grape like

Staphylococcus

Normal bacteria of the ORAL CAVITY

Streptococcus

Chain like

Streptococcus

Pus producing and resistant to drugs

Staphylococcus

Virulence factors of Staphylococcal infections

Protein A Coagulase Staphylokinase Hyaluronidase

Virulence factors of Streptococcal infections

Streptokinase Pneumolysin M protein

Staph virulence factor: prevents complement action of complement proteins

Protein A

BQ: What staph bacteria that clots blood by activating Prothrombin to Thrombin?? (used to create CLOT)

Coagulase

BQ: What staph bacteria activates plasminogen producing plasmin?? (used to DISSOLVE CLOT)

Staphylokinase

What staph bacteria breaksdown hyaluronic acid; spreading factor

Hyaluronidase

Bone and bone marrow inflammation Rx: moth eaten Brodies abscess

Osteomyelitis

Causative agent of osteomyelitis

Staphylococcus aureus

Most common cause of acute endocarditis

Staphylococcus aureus | "A"cute - "a"ureus

BQ: What is the most common cause of ENDOCARDITIS?

Streptococcus viridans (Su"B"acute - "V"iridans) - KASI ITO YUNG MAS COMMON NA ENDOCARDITIS

Localized pus containing skin boil

Furuncle

Extensive form of furuncle

Carbuncule

Bacteria that causes food poisoning or gastroenteritis

Staphylococcus

BQ: What STREP bacteria activates plasminogen to plasmin?

Streptokinase

Cytotoxin mainly of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Pneumolysin

Antigen of group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus

M protein

2 classifications of streptococcal infections

Alpha hemolytic | Beta hemolytic

Produces “incomplete” hemolysis

Alpha hemolytic | "A"lpha - "A"incomplete

Produces “complete” hemolysis

Beta hemolytic

Alpha hemolytic uses _ to lyse blood cells INCOMPLETELY

Hydrogen peroxide

Beta hemolytic uses _ to lyse blood COMPLETELY

Streptolysin

Bacterial pneumoniae

Streptococcus pneumonia

Subacute endocarditis

Streptococcus viridans

1st colonizer of plaque

Strep. sanguis

1st colonizer of oral cavity (10-12hrs or *24hrs(sterile))

Strep. Salivarius

Most numerous bacteria in oral cavity

Strep salivarius

BQ: Caries

Strep mutans

What is the predominant bacteria in ENAMEL?

Strep mutans

What is the predominant bacteria in DENTIN?

Lactobacillus acidophilus* | -lactobacillus casei

What is the predominant bacteria in ROOT SURFACE

Actinomyces viscosus

Reaction between food and saliva | 24-48 hrs after tooth brushing

Plaque

Colony of microorganisms

Biofilm

BQ: sugars in plaque

*Dextrans/glucans (sticky sugar:Adhesive) | Levans

BQ: Which of the ffg diseases will result to hospitalization?

Pansinusitis

Infection of lungs that may result to pulmonary edema

Pneumonia

2 types of pneumonia

Bacterial | Viral

Bacteria involved in bacterial pneumonia

Strep pneumoniae

Viral pneumonia: Adult

Influenza virus

Viral pneumonia: children

Respiratory syncytial virus

Example of influenza virus | Magaling mag mutate ung influenza virus: nagiiba yung shape palagi kaya nagkakaflu parin kahit ngpavaccine na

H1N1

Virulence factor in Group A Beta Hemolytic Strep

M protein (looks like myosin)

Most commonly involved GABS

Streptococcus pyogenes

Yellowish honey colored scabs in the skin

Impetigo

“Strawberry tongue”

Scarlet fever

Disease with strawberry tongue Unknown cause Ddx: with Scarlet fever

Kawasaki disease

3 diseases associated with Strep Pyogenes

Impetigo Scarlet fever Strep throat

Hypersensitivity to M protein debris, after the body has recovered from the actual infection

Post streptococcal infections

BQ: Generalized rheumatism | Characterized by polyarthritis, Pancarditis, Valvular damage - mitral valve > aortic valve, Chorea, Erythema marginatum

Rheumatic fever

5 charac features of Rheumatic fever

``` Polyarthritis Pancarditis Valvular damage - mitral valve > aortic valve CHOREA ERYTHEMA MARGINATUM ```

Mitral valve is aka

Bicuspid valve (LEFT) **Tricuspid valve - right side**

Neurological manifestation of Rheumatic fever characterized by abnormal involuntary movements

Sydenham’s CHOREA

Pink torso rings

Erythema marginatum

BQ: Which of the ffg is post strep infection?

(post streptococcal) Glomerulonephritis

What are the 3 most common bacteria that uses COLLAGENASE and HYALURONIDASE?

SA - staph aureus SP - Strep pyogenes CP - clostridium perfringens

3 that has PSEUDOMEMBRANES

Corynebacterium diphtheria - (diphtheritic membrane) Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis Pseudomembranous colitis

BQ: Punched out grayish pseudomembrane in interdental papilla

Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

Needs bacteriophage(bacterial virus) with diphtheria toxin to cause a disease

Corynebacterium

Necrosis pf pharyngeal and upper respiratory tract surface producing diphtheritic membrane (pseudomembranous membrane)

Corynebacterium diphtheria

Granules in Corynebacterium diphtheria

Red metachromic granules or “Babes Ernst granules”

Histologic app of Corynebacterium diphtheria

Chinese character | *(same with fibrous dysplasia)

DPT Vaccine?

Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus

“Whooping cough” caused by BORDATELLA Pertussis

Pertussis

Causative agent of tetanus

``` Clostridium tetani (Anaerobic: mahilig sa walang oxygen; malalim na sugat sa dog bite) ```

Vaccine for tetanus

Tetanus toxoid

Toxin in tetanus

Tetanus toxin

Hyperexcitability of muscle and neurons due to hypocalcemia?

Tetany

Characteristic of TETANUS/LOCK JAW where the back becomes extremely arched?

Opisthotonus

BQ: Partly gram + and fungi - actinomycosis - often suppurative and causes “yellowish sulfur granules”

Actinomycetes

Normal oral microflora Causes suppuration Common in cervicofacial area

Actinomyces israeli

BQ: Causes root surface caries

Actinomyces viscosus

Produces LACTIC ACID that causes caries or demineralization of teeth Found in oral cavity and VAGINA

Lactobacillus

Causes dentinal caries

Lactobacillus acidophilis/(casei)

Bacteria that doesnt need nutrients to survive

Spore forming bacteria

Structure produced by bacteria that is RESISTANT TO STERILIZATION and envtal factors (such as high temp and chemicals)

Spores

Best way to eliminate spores

Autoclave | 121C for 15-30mins with 15psi

Aerobic Spore forming bacteria

Bacillus

Anaerobic spore forming bacteria

Clostridium

Seen in blood of sheep | Causing anthrax or “WOOL SORTER’S DISEASE”

Bacillus antracis

Other name for anthrax

Wool sorter’s disease

Dark scabs on skin | Seen in burns

Eschars

Affected type II pneumocytes (no surfactant cannot inflate)

Respiratory distress syndrome

causative agent of tetanus or lock jaw

Clostridium tetani

Cause of death in Tetanus

Respiratory distress

Muscle spasm due to excitation of neurons due to tetanus toxin

Tetanus or lock jaw

Causes botulism

Clostridium botulinum

Results to muscle paralysis or muscle relaxation due to botulinum toxin (botox) — common in expired canned goods and undercooked foods

Clostridium botulinum

Causes GAS GANGRENE

Clostridium perfringens

BQ:Seen in large intestine; Causes pseudomembranous colitis

Clostridium difficile

Inflammation of colon/ large intestine

Pseudomembranous colitis

Pseudomembranous colitis: drug induced

Clindamycin

Tx for C. difficile colitis

Metronidazole | Vancomycin

Used to treat C. Difficile colitis - attacks anaerobic - common in periodontitis

Metronidazole

BQ: Most common allergic reaction to Vancomycin

Red Man Syndrome

C. difficile is seen in what organ

Large intestine

Partly gram + and ACID FAST | —Opportunistic microorg that attacks immunocompromised pxs

Nocardia (N. asteroides)

BQ: Gram positive that has ENDOtoxin and EXOtoxin | Causes “Listeriosis”

Listeria (L. monocytogenes)

Gonorrhea; a venereal disease

Neisseria gonorrhea

Causative agent for young adult meningitis

Neisseria meningitidis

Microorg assoc with meningitis of NEONATES (0-30days)

Escherichia coli

Microorg assoc with meningitis of INFANTS AND CHILDREN

Haemophilus influenza

Microorg assoc with meningitis of OLD ADULTS

Streptococcus pneumonia

Disease associated with meningitis — severe meningitis — adrenal gland failure/bleeding

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

spiral/helical/corkscrew shape gram negative bacteria

Spirochetes

Causative agent of syphilis; venereal

Treponema pallidum

Hutchinson’s triad or congenital syphilis triad

Hutchinson’s incisors Interstitial keratitis Deafness (8th nerve)

Treatment for syphilis

Penicillin | Salivarsan

1st drug for syphilis

Salivarsan

Causative agent for periodontal disease and vincent’s disease

Treponema denticola

Other names for Vincent’s disease

Trench mouth | Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

Presence of painful punched out grayish pseudomembrane in interdental papilla; fetid odor

Vincent’s disease (trench mouth/NUG)

Tx for Vincent’s dse/Trench mouth/NUG

Debridement Irrigation Antibiotics (Penicillin)

Causative agent for leptospirosis; affects LIVER resulting to JAUNDICE

Leptospira hystolica

Involved in nosocomial infections or hospital acquired

Pseudomonas aerigonosa

Most common bacteria in severe anaerobic infections like periodontitis

Bacteriodes

Produces black pigmentations | Hydrolyzes collagen resulting to bone resorption

Bacteriodes melaninogenicus

Associated with periodontal infections | Produces black pigmentation also

Porphyromonas gingivalis

Obligate intracellular parasites (2)

Rickettsia | Chlamydia

Causative agent of “EPIdemic typhus” which is caused by lice | Epidemic - widespread

R. prowazekii

Causative agent of “ENdemic typhus” - fleas | Endemic - small area

R. typhus

Causative agent of rocky mountain spotted fever - ticks

R. rickettsia

Causative agent for - Scrub typhus: mites - Q fever: tick feces

R. Tsutsugamushi

Most common cause of STD in USA

Chlamydia | Ex: chlamydia trachomatis

Causative agent for typhoid fever

Salmonella typhi

Bacteria in the STOMACH and small intestine

Helicobacter pylori

Causative agent of Cholera

Vibrio cholera

Causative agent of Shigellosis (which results to diarrhea)

Shigella dysenteriae

Causative agent of amoeba (results to diarrhea)

Entamoeba histolytica

Causative agent of TB

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

2 features of Pulmonary TB

Ghon’s focus | Ghon’s complex

BQ: A feature of pulmonary TB which is seen as a “COIN” lesion radiographically

Ghon’s tubercle/focus

A feature of pulmonary TB: w/ lymph node involvement

Ghon’s complex

Macrophages in TB (2)

``` Epitheloid cells Langhans cells (fused epitheloid) ```

Treatment for TB

``` RIPES: Rifampicin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol STREPTOMYCIN* ```

BQ: What is the most common site of Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis?

Apex of lungs

BQ: Tb of the BONE

Potts disease

BQ: Tb of the NECK

Scrofula (King’s evil)

BQ: Generalized TB is called?

Miliary TB | Generalized:malala:miliary

BQ: TB in children is called?

Primary complex | Not contagious!!

BQ: Type of necrosis seen in TB if it is untreated?

Caseous necrosis

Causative agent of leprosy

Mycobacterium leprae

Virus of bacteria

Bacteriophage

Toxin of gram +

Exotoxin

Toxin of gram -

Endotoxin

Other term for peptidoglycan

Murein layer

Cell wall that has thin but multiple layers

Gram negative cell wall

Function of PLASMIN

For fibrinolysis: breakdown of fibrin

Causative agent of osteomyelitis

Staph aureus

Layers of heart

Epicardium - outer Myocardium - middle; beats/contractions Endocardium - innermost

What bacteria causes gastroenteritis or food poisoning

Staphylococcus

Complication of H1N1

Viral pneumonia | Same causative agent: influenza virus

disease that is spread worldwide

Pandemic | PANkalahatan

Examples of pandemic diseases

Caries | Flu

Seasonal disease

Epidemic

Examle of epidemic disease

Dengue

Disease that is localized; specific area

Endemic | END : hanggang dun lang

Examples of Endemic disease

Fluorosis/ mottled enamel | Malaria

BQ: 3 bacterias associated with PSEUDOMEMBRANES

Corynebacterium diphtheriae Treponema denticola- NUG Clostridium difficile - Pseudomembranous colitis

Cause of death of tetanus

Respiratory depression: if diaphragm affected

Partly gram + and fungi

Actinomycetes

BQ: causes yellowish sulfur granules

Actinomyces israeli

BQ: Spore forming bacterias

BACILLUS | CLOSTRIDIUM

3 diseases associated with E coli:

Meningitis UTI Traveller's diarrhea

BQ: bacteria that causes Traveller's diarrhea

E coli

Other name for Traveller's diarrhea

Montezuma's revenge

Prevention of Congenital syphilis

Caesarian section

"natural penicillins"

Penicillin G and VK

Doc for syphilis

Penicillin G - 1st or original penicillin - parenteral injection (in"G"ection)

BQ: Penicillin VK is administered via

ORAL ("VK" - vivig)

Gold standard of mouthwashes

Chlorhexidine

3 bacterias assoc with NOSOCOMIAL infections

Pseudomonas aeruginosa E coli Staph aureus

BQ: Endo-Perio microorganism

"Bacteriodes" (Bacteriodes melaninogenicus) - * if one lang | Porphyromonas gingivalis

BQ: bacteria that produces BLACK pigmentations

*Bacteriodes / B. Melaninogenicus | porphyromonas gingivalis-pag wala sa choices

"Parasite of parasite"

Rickettsia

BQ: Disease assoc with HUMAN LICE

Epidemic typhus

Parasite assoc with epidemic typhus

R. Prowazekii

Dse assoc with fleas

Endemic typhus

Parasite assoc with endemic typhus

R. Typhi

3 bacterias with TYPHUS

R. prowazekii - epidemic typhus - lice R. Typhi - endemic typhus - fleas R. Tsutsugamushi - scrub typhus - mites

3 diseases assoc with R. Tsutsugamushi | QTS- "cutes"

Q fever : tick feces Tsutsugamushi -mites Scrub typhus - mites

Causative agent of Scrub typhus

R. Tsutsugamushi

Causative agent of typhoid fever

Salmonella typhi

Most common cause of STD in USA

Chlamydia

Common bacteria assoc with PEPTIC ULCER

Helicobacter pylori

Peptic ulcer affects what organ

Duodenum of small intestine

Shape of duodenum

C shape

What is absorbed in the duodenum

Iron (I-Do)

Assoc with "watery diarrhea"

Vibrio cholera

Dse with "watery rice stool"

Cholera

2 bacterias assoc with "bloody diarrhea"

Shigella dysenteriae | Entamoeba histolytica

"Black stool" - damage to UPPER git

Melena

"Red stool" - damage to LOWER git (large intestine)

Hematochezia | Seen in amoebiasis

Vaccine for TB

BCG vaccine Bacillus Calmette Guerin

Dx test for TB

Mantoux test

Generalized edema

Anasarca

2 possible dses assoc with Swelling of lymph nodes in the neck

Scrofula | Lymphoma - pag di nakuha sa antibiotics

``` BQ: All of the ffg. are elevators EXCEPT: a. miller's B. Pott's C. Kryer D. Bons ```

Except D.Bons!

Other name for LEPROSY

Hansen's disease

"lion face" 🦁

Leprosy

"Frog face" 🐸

Crouzon's syndrome/Craniofacial dysostosis

"Bird face" 🐦

Treacher collins syndrome / Mandibulofacial dysostosis

Bones deficient in pxs with treacher collins syndrome

"Mandibulofacial dysostosis" - Mandible - zygomatic bone

"Fish 🐟 or bird 🐦 face"

Pierre - robin syndrome (Pierre: madaming fish sa pier) (Robin: bird)

Causative agent of Travellers Diarrhea

Escherichia Coli

Other name of E. Coli (2)

Travellers Ds | Montezuma’s Revenge

White mucous patches

Hairy Leukoplakia 2ndary Syphilis Candidiasis

Causative agent of Candidiasis: | Treatment?

Candida Albicans Nystatin

Bow Legs / Saber Shin

Mulberry Molars | Congenital Syphilis

Punched out RX appearance

Multiple Myeloma | Hand - Schuller Christian Ds

Lab test of Multiple Myeloma

Bence - Jones Proteins

Other name for Leptospira / Leptospirosis

“WEILS DISEASE” 🐳

Most common hospital acquired bacterias (3)

P. Aeruginosa Staph. Aureus E. Coli